Practice 130+ important Bhakti Movement MCQs for UPSC Prelims covering Kabir, Guru Nanak, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Ramanujacharya, Nirguna and Saguna Bhakti traditions, Sufi influence, regional literature, and medieval Indian history objective questions with answers and explanations.
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130+ Bhakti Movement MCQs for UPSC Prelims | Medieval History Objective Questions
Description
Practice 130+ important Bhakti Movement MCQs for UPSC Prelims covering Kabir, Guru Nanak, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Ramanujacharya, Nirguna and Saguna Bhakti traditions, Sufi influence, regional literature, and medieval Indian history objective questions with answers and explanations.
Difficulty
Hard
Num Questions
136
Points Per Question
1
Time Limit
130 minutes
All MCQ Questions with Answers and Explanations
Question 1: Which of the following statements best expresses the historical legacy of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
D
— It strengthened long-term traditions of devotion, regional culture, and social inclusion in Indian society
Explanation:
The legacy of the Bhakti Movement is still visible in Indian society today—whether in regional literature, folk devotional traditions, or the concept of social harmony. Its impact has remained long-lasting at religious, cultural, and social levels.
Question 2: “The Bhakti Movement can be viewed as a process of Cultural Reconfiguration in medieval India” — What is the most appropriate reason for this statement?
Correct Answer:
B
— It developed new cultural relationships at linguistic, social, and religious levels
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement promoted regional languages, folk literature, social inclusion, and religious synthesis. This led to the development of new forms of socio-cultural relationships in Indian society.
Question 3: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Bhakti Movement provided women with opportunities for religious expression. (2) Mirabai’s poetry expresses both personal devotion and liberation from social constraints.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Mirabai is an important example of female religious expression in the Bhakti Movement. Her poetry reflects devotion to Krishna as well as resistance to social restrictions.
Question 4: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Guru Nanak — Vinay Patrika
Explanation:
Vinay Patrika was composed by Tulsidas, not Guru Nanak. Guru Nanak’s hymns are preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 5: Which of the following best explains the role of language in the popularity of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Saints reached the masses through vernacular languages
Explanation:
Bhakti saints composed in vernacular languages such as Awadhi, Braj, Marathi, Punjabi, and Bengali, making religious teachings accessible to common people. The use of local languages, devotional songs, and simple forms of expression significantly contributed to the popularity of the movement.
Question 6: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Many saints of the Bhakti Movement criticized caste-based discrimination. (2) The Bhakti Movement completely abolished the contemporary social structure.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Many Bhakti saints opposed caste hierarchy, but the movement could not completely dismantle the existing social structure.
Question 7: Which of the following statements is most appropriate regarding the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— It presented an alternative moral-social discourse in medieval Indian society
Explanation:
Along with religious devotion, the Bhakti Movement also addressed issues such as social equality, morality, and cultural synthesis. It gave rise to an alternative social discourse.
Question 8: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Ravidas — Social Equality (2) Tulsidas — Devotion to Rama (3) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu — Gaudiya Vaishnava Tradition
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
Ravidas supported social equality. Tulsidas was a major saint of the Rama Bhakti tradition, while Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was associated with the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition.
Question 9: Which of the following statements best expresses the ideological characteristic of “Nirguna Bhakti”?
Correct Answer:
B
— God is formless and can be attained through inner devotion
Explanation:
The Nirguna Bhakti tradition regarded God as formless and omnipresent. Saints such as Kabir and Guru Nanak emphasized inner devotion, remembrance of the divine name, and moral living.
Question 10: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Bhakti Movement encouraged the process of cultural synthesis in medieval Indian society. (2) All Bhakti saints completely opposed organized religious institutions.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement promoted the synthesis of Hindu, Sufi, and local cultural elements. However, not all saints opposed organized religious institutions; some also developed new sects and institutional traditions.
Question 11: Which of the following statements is most appropriate regarding the relationship between the Bhakti and Sufi Movements?
Correct Answer:
B
— Both emphasized personal devotion and direct spiritual experience
Explanation:
Both Bhakti and Sufi traditions emphasized love, devotion, and a direct personal relationship with the divine. They also used simple forms of expression and vernacular languages to reach wider sections of society.
Question 12: Which of the following best explains the wider social role of the Bhakti Movement in medieval India?
Correct Answer:
B
— It encouraged interaction across social groups through vernacular devotional traditions
Explanation:
Through satsang, kirtan, bhajans, and vernacular languages, Bhakti saints created wider social participation in religious life. This helped develop broader religious and social interaction beyond elite groups.
Question 13: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Bhakti Movement encouraged the development of regional languages. (2) Bhakti literature assimilated local cultural traditions. (3) The impact of the Bhakti Movement was confined only to the religious sphere.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Bhakti literature enriched local languages and cultural traditions. Its influence also extended to social and cultural spheres; therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.
Question 14: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Ramanujacharya — Shuddhadvaita
Explanation:
Ramanujacharya was associated with Vishishtadvaita, whereas Shuddhadvaita is associated with Vallabhacharya. All other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 15: “The Bhakti Movement democratized religious experience” — What is the most appropriate analysis of this statement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Reducing dependence on priests and promoting personal devotion
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement emphasized a direct relationship between the individual and God, making religious experience more inclusive. This weakened traditional elite control over religion to some extent.
Question 16: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Guru Granth Sahib also includes the compositions of Bhakti saints. (2) Ideological similarities are found between the Sikh tradition and the Nirguna Bhakti tradition.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Guru Granth Sahib includes the compositions of saints such as Kabir, Ravidas, and Namdev. Elements such as belief in a formless God, remembrance of the divine name, and opposition to ritualism in Sikh tradition resemble the Nirguna Bhakti tradition.
Question 17: Which of the following statements best expresses the limitations of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Despite challenging social inequalities, it could not completely eliminate them
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement criticized caste discrimination and social inequality, but medieval social structures were not entirely dismantled.
Question 18: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Kabir — Religious Syncretism (2) Guru Nanak — Naam Japna (3) Basavanna — Social Egalitarianism
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
Kabir’s teachings reflected a synthesis of Bhakti and Sufi ideas and emphasized religious harmony. Guru Nanak emphasized remembrance of the divine name (Naam Japna), while Basavanna promoted social equality and criticized ritualism and caste hierarchy.
Question 19: In the context of the Bhakti Movement, what is the most appropriate meaning of the concept of “popular religiosity”?
Correct Answer:
C
— Connecting religion with the experiences and language of the common people
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement connected religion with vernacular languages, bhajans, kirtans, and personal devotion, thereby making it accessible to the masses. This made religious experience more participatory and people-oriented.
Question 20: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Nirguna Bhakti tradition was generally critical of orthodox Brahmanical traditions. (2) The Saguna Bhakti tradition always supported social orthodoxies.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Nirguna saints criticized ritualism, caste-based discrimination, and scriptural authority. However, not all saints of the Saguna tradition supported social orthodoxies; many also associated devotion with social harmony.
Question 21: Assertion (A): All saints of the Bhakti Movement remained completely detached from political authority. Reason (R): Some Bhakti traditions received patronage from regional rulers and local elites.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Not all Bhakti saints remained detached from political authority. Several Bhakti traditions received patronage from rulers and elite groups. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 22: Assertion (A): Some historians view the Bhakti Movement as a response to medieval social tensions. Reason (R): Many Bhakti saints composed devotional poetry in vernacular languages.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Some historians interpret the Bhakti Movement as a response to medieval social tensions and rigid social structures. It is also true that many Bhakti saints composed devotional literature in vernacular languages, but this is not the direct explanation for the historiographical interpretation. Therefore, both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Question 23: Assertion (A): Chaitanya Mahaprabhu’s Vaishnava tradition placed special emphasis on emotional devotion and collective Kirtan. Reason (R): Chaitanya Mahaprabhu regarded rational philosophy as superior to devotion.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu emphasized Krishna Bhakti through emotional devotion and Sankirtan (collective singing). He gave primacy to devotion rather than rational philosophy. Therefore, the Reason is incorrect.
Question 24: Assertion (A): Guru Nanak’s teachings gave greater importance to moral conduct and remembrance of God’s name than to religious rituals. Reason (R): Guru Nanak criticized idol worship and external rituals.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Guru Nanak emphasized inner devotion, truthful conduct, and remembrance of God’s name while criticizing external rituals. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 25: Assertion (A): The social impact of the medieval Bhakti Movement was uniform across all regions. Reason (R): The Bhakti Movement developed in different social and cultural contexts across various regions.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The impact of the Bhakti Movement varied from region to region because local socio-cultural conditions were different. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect.
Question 26: Assertion (A): The Bhakti Movement partially challenged the monopolistic religious status of Sanskrit. Reason (R): Bhakti saints used vernacular languages for the spread of their teachings.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The use of vernacular languages enabled religious knowledge to reach wider sections of society and challenged the exclusive religious status of Sanskrit.
Question 27: Assertion (A): There was no ideological difference between the Saguna and Nirguna Bhakti traditions. Reason (R): The Nirguna tradition regarded God as formless, whereas the Saguna tradition emphasized the worship of God in a manifested form.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
There were significant ideological differences between the Saguna and Nirguna traditions regarding the nature of God, methods of worship, and religious outlook. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect.
Question 28: Assertion (A): A tendency toward religious synthesis is clearly visible in Kabir’s teachings. Reason (R): Kabir was associated with the official Sufi court of the Delhi Sultanate.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Kabir’s teachings reflect the influence of both Hindu and Islamic traditions, but he was not associated with any official Sufi court.
Question 29: Assertion (A): The spread of the Bhakti Movement helped regional political systems gain cultural legitimacy. Reason (R): Many regional rulers patronized local languages and Bhakti traditions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The patronage of local languages and Bhakti traditions by regional rulers strengthened regional cultural identities, which also supported their political legitimacy.
Question 30: Assertion (A): The Nirguna Bhakti tradition challenged the Brahmanical structure of religious authority in medieval India. Reason (R): Nirguna saints did not consider caste and rituals essential for attaining God.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Nirguna saints challenged Brahmanical religious control by emphasizing direct devotion, equality, and the worship of a formless God. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 31: Which of the following factors can be considered most important in understanding the widespread popularity of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Simplicity and accessibility of religious experience
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement made religion simple, emotional, and accessible to the masses. Local languages, devotional songs, and personal devotion contributed to its widespread popularity.
Question 32: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Chaitanya Mahaprabhu — Advaita Philosophy
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was associated with the philosophy of “Achintya Bhedabheda,” not Advaita philosophy. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 33: Which of the following saints is most closely associated with the Rama Bhakti tradition of North India?
Correct Answer:
A
— Tulsidas
Explanation:
Tulsidas was a major saint of the Rama Bhakti tradition in North India. His “Ramcharitmanas” gave Rama devotion widespread popular support.
Question 34: Which of the following best explains the broader social impact of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— It challenged caste hierarchy and expanded participation in religious life
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement challenged caste discrimination and opened avenues of religious participation for lower social groups and women. By promoting devotion over ritual hierarchy and using vernacular languages, it contributed to broader social change beyond purely religious reform.
Question 35: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Bhakti Movement enriched regional literature. (2) All Bhakti saints used only Sanskrit.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Bhakti saints composed in regional languages, thereby enriching literature. Kabir, Tulsidas, Tukaram, and Namdev used vernacular languages. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.
Question 36: Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the Nirguna saints?
Correct Answer:
C
— They considered idol worship an essential means of salvation
Explanation:
Nirguna saints opposed idol worship and believed in a formless God. Kabir, Dadu, and Guru Nanak are major examples of this tradition.
Question 37: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Basavanna — Lingayat Movement (2) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu — Sankirtan Tradition (3) Vallabhacharya — Pushtimarga
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
All three pairs are correctly matched. Basavanna was associated with the Lingayat movement, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu with the Sankirtan tradition, and Vallabhacharya with Pushtimarga.
Question 38: In the context of the Bhakti Movement, which of the following statements is most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
A
— It partially liberated religious experience from institutional control
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement emphasized a direct relationship between the individual and God, thereby partially freeing religious experience from priestly dependence. However, it did not eliminate all social structures.
Question 39: Which of the following saints is most closely associated with the “Doha” literary style?
Correct Answer:
B
— Kabir
Explanation:
Kabir’s teachings are mainly famous in the form of Dohas, Sakhis, and Shabads. His language was simple and accessible to common people.
Question 40: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Vitthoba devotion held special importance in the Bhakti tradition of Maharashtra. (2) The Varkari sect was completely based on Vedic rituals.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
The Varkari tradition of Maharashtra was associated with the devotion of Vitthoba (Viththal). Tukaram and Namdev were major saints of this tradition. The sect emphasized simple devotion and community participation rather than complex rituals.
Question 41: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Tulsidas — Sursagar
Explanation:
“Sursagar” was composed by Surdas, not Tulsidas. Major works of Tulsidas include Ramcharitmanas and Vinay Patrika.
Question 42: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the teachings of Guru Nanak?
Correct Answer:
B
— He criticized idol worship and superstition
Explanation:
Guru Nanak emphasized monotheism, truthful living, service, and remembrance of God’s name. He criticized idol worship, superstition, and social discrimination.
Question 43: “The Bhakti Movement promoted the process of religious synthesis.” Which of the following is the most appropriate example of this statement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Blend of Hindu and Sufi elements in Kabir’s teachings
Explanation:
Kabir’s teachings clearly reflect a synthesis of Hindu Bhakti and Islamic Sufi ideas. He criticized the external orthodoxies of both religions.
Question 44: Which of the following saints was associated with the “Shivasharana” tradition?
Correct Answer:
B
— Basavanna
Explanation:
Basavanna and his followers were known as “Shivasharanas.” They were associated with the Virashaiva/Lingayat movement and emphasized social equality and opposition to rituals.
Question 45: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Nirguna saints generally criticized excessive ritualism and scriptural orthodoxy. (2) Saguna saints always fully supported the caste system.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Nirguna saints such as Kabir and Guru Nanak criticized excessive ritualism, priestly dominance, and rigid religious orthodoxy. However, the approach of Saguna saints toward caste varied; not all of them fully supported the caste system. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.
Question 46: Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— It assumed exactly the same form in all regions
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement assumed different forms in different regions. There were considerable differences among the Bhakti traditions of South India, Maharashtra, Bengal, and North India.
Question 47: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Kabir — Nirguna Bhakti (2) Surdas — Brajbhasha Krishna Literature (3) Tukaram — Varkari Sect
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
Kabir belonged to the Nirguna Bhakti tradition and emphasized devotion to a formless God. Surdas is closely associated with Brajbhasha Krishna devotional literature and is famous for works such as Sursagar. Tukaram was a prominent saint of the Varkari sect in Maharashtra associated with the devotion of Vitthoba (Viththal). Therefore, all the pairs are correctly matched.
Question 48: Which of the following saints was associated with the philosophy of “Achintya Bhedabheda”?
Correct Answer:
B
— Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu popularized the concept of “Achintya Bhedabheda,” according to which the individual soul and God are both different and non-different. This became an important philosophical basis of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition.
Question 49: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Bhakti Movement challenged the centralization of religious authority. (2) All Bhakti saints held identical views on social equality.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement challenged priestly domination and the centralization of religious authority. However, not all saints were equally radical regarding social equality. Some were relatively liberal, while others remained within traditional limits.
Question 50: Which of the following factors most clearly explains the pan-Indian nature of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
D
— Development of devotional traditions in local forms across different regions
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement assumed different forms in various regions of India — such as the Varkari tradition in Maharashtra, Gaudiya Vaishnavism in Bengal, and the Sikh tradition in Punjab. This reflects its pan-Indian character.
Question 51: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Guru Nanak — Sadhukkadi
Explanation:
Tukaram is known for his Abhang compositions, Surdas composed in Brajbhasha, and Mirabai is associated with Krishna Bhakti. Guru Nanak’s hymns were composed mainly in Punjabi and related dialectal forms, whereas Sadhukkadi is more closely associated with Kabir. Therefore, pair C is incorrectly matched.
Question 52: Which of the following statements applies equally to both Kabir and Guru Nanak?
Correct Answer:
B
— Both emphasized a formless God
Explanation:
Both Kabir and Guru Nanak accepted the concept of a formless God and criticized religious rituals. Both also used vernacular languages.
Question 53: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Bhakti saints generally used vernacular languages instead of Sanskrit. (2) This helped spread religious knowledge among the wider masses.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
By composing in vernacular languages, Bhakti saints made religion accessible to the common people. This reduced the monopoly of higher classes over religious knowledge. Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and Punjabi literature received new direction through this movement.
Question 54: Which of the following saints emphasized “Naam Japna” (remembrance of God’s name) as a central principle of spiritual life?
Correct Answer:
C
— Guru Nanak
Explanation:
Guru Nanak emphasized “Naam Japna” (constant remembrance of God’s name), along with “Kirat Karni” (honest living) and “Vand Chhakna” (sharing with others), as the core principles of spiritual life. In Sikh teachings, remembrance of the Divine Name is regarded as a major path to spiritual realization.
Question 55: Consider the following pairs: (1) Nimbarkacharya — Dvaitadvaita (2) Vallabhacharya — Shuddhadvaita (3) Madhvacharya — Vishishtadvaita Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Nimbarkacharya was associated with Dvaitadvaita philosophy, and Vallabhacharya with Shuddhadvaita philosophy. Vishishtadvaita was associated with Ramanujacharya, not Madhvacharya.
Question 56: In the context of the Bhakti Movement, which of the following statements is most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided new opportunities for social mobility
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement provided lower classes, women, and non-Brahmin communities opportunities for religious and social expression. This increased social mobility. Its influence was also visible at a broader cultural level.
Question 57: Which of the following saints was associated with the “Udupi” tradition?
Correct Answer:
B
— Madhvacharya
Explanation:
Madhvacharya was associated with the Udupi region of Karnataka. He popularized Krishna Bhakti and Dvaita philosophy. The Udupi Matha tradition remains an important center of his influence even today.
Question 58: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Madhvacharya propounded Dvaita philosophy. (2) According to Dvaita philosophy, the individual soul and Brahman are completely identical.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Madhvacharya propounded Dvaita philosophy, according to which the individual soul and Brahman are distinct entities. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect. This philosophy was opposed to Shankaracharya’s Advaita philosophy.
Question 59: Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— It completely eliminated all social inequalities
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement challenged social inequalities but could not completely eliminate them. All the other statements are correct.
Question 60: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Nirguna saints generally opposed idol worship. (2) Saguna saints worshipped God in a manifested form.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Nirguna saints such as Kabir believed in a formless God and opposed idol worship. Saguna saints such as Tulsidas and Surdas worshipped God in a manifested form.
Question 61: Which of the following reasons was most important behind the popularity of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Connection of religious experience with the common people
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement made religion personal and simple, enabling ordinary people to connect with it directly. The use of local languages and simple devotional practices increased its popularity.
Question 62: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Chaitanya Mahaprabhu — Gujarat
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was mainly associated with Bengal and Odisha, not Gujarat. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 63: Which of the following saints is most closely associated with the idea of social equality and opposition to caste discrimination?
Correct Answer:
A
— Ravidas
Explanation:
Ravidas emphasized social equality and strongly criticized caste-based discrimination. He believed that devotion (Bhakti) was superior to birth-based hierarchy and envisioned an egalitarian society symbolized through the idea of “Begumpura.” His teachings became especially influential among marginalized social groups.
Question 64: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Guru Granth Sahib contains only the teachings of Sikh Gurus. (2) Guru Arjun Dev played a role in the initial compilation of the Guru Granth Sahib.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 2
Explanation:
Apart from the teachings of Sikh Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib also contains the compositions of Bhakti saints such as Kabir, Ravidas, and Namdev. Guru Arjun Dev played an important role in the compilation of the Adi Granth.
Question 65: In the context of the Bhakti Movement, which of the following statements is most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
C
— It influenced the process of change at both social and religious levels
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement not only transformed religious ideas but also promoted social equality, regional languages, and cultural synthesis. Its influence was visible at an all-India level.
Question 66: Which of the following groups of saints is arranged in the correct chronological order?
Correct Answer:
B
— Ramanujacharya → Kabir → Chaitanya Mahaprabhu → Tukaram
Explanation:
Ramanujacharya belonged to the 11th–12th century, Kabir to the 15th century, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu to the 15th–16th century, and Tukaram to the 17th century.
Question 67: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Ramanujacharya considered Bhakti as the principal means of attaining salvation. (2) The philosophy of Ramanujacharya fully supported Shankaracharya’s Advaita philosophy.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Ramanujacharya propounded Vishishtadvaita philosophy and regarded Bhakti as the principal means of attaining salvation. He did not completely accept Shankaracharya’s Advaita philosophy because, according to him, the relationship between the individual soul and Brahman was of a qualified nature.
Question 68: Assertion (A): All saints of the Bhakti Movement followed a uniform social and religious ideology. Reason (R): Both Saguna and Nirguna traditions existed within the Bhakti Movement.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
There was diversity of ideas within the Bhakti Movement. Due to the existence of both Saguna and Nirguna traditions, all saints did not follow the same ideology.
Question 69: Assertion (A): The compositions of Tulsidas provided a broad popular base to the Rama Bhakti tradition in North India. Reason (R): Tulsidas wrote the ‘Ramcharitmanas’ in the Persian language.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Tulsidas wrote the ‘Ramcharitmanas’ in the Awadhi language, not in Persian. Its composition in a vernacular language led to the widespread popularity of Rama Bhakti.
Question 70: Assertion (A): The impact of the medieval Bhakti Movement was not limited only to religious reform. Reason (R): The Bhakti Movement also influenced social relations, literature, and cultural expressions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement influenced social equality, vernacular literature, and cultural life. Therefore, its impact was not confined only to the religious sphere.
Question 71: Assertion (A): Elements of social inclusiveness are found in both the Sufi and Bhakti movements. Reason (R): Both traditions confined spiritual participation largely to elite social groups.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Both the Sufi and Bhakti movements encouraged broader social participation and sought to connect common people with spiritual life. They were not confined only to elite social groups. Therefore, the Assertion is correct, while the Reason is incorrect.
Question 72: Assertion (A): Chaitanya Mahaprabhu popularized Vaishnava Bhakti in Bengal. Reason (R): Chaitanya Mahaprabhu considered the path of knowledge superior to devotion.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a major proponent of Krishna Bhakti and the path of devotion through love. He gave greater importance to devotion than to the path of knowledge. Therefore, the Reason is incorrect.
Question 73: Assertion (A): Kabir’s teachings reflect a synthesis of elements from both Hindu and Islamic traditions. Reason (R): Kabir was influenced by both Sufi saints and the Vaishnava Bhakti tradition.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Kabir’s teachings show the influence of both Sufi ideas and Vaishnava Bhakti, which resulted in a spirit of religious synthesis in his compositions.
Question 74: Assertion (A): The Bhakti Movement completely abolished the caste-based social structure. Reason (R): Several Bhakti saints opposed caste discrimination and social hierarchy.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Bhakti saints certainly opposed caste discrimination, but the Bhakti Movement could not completely eliminate the caste system from Indian society.
Question 75: Assertion (A): The teachings of Ramananda influenced the spread of the Bhakti Movement in North India. Reason (R): Ramananda accepted only Brahmins as his disciples.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Ramananda accepted disciples from various castes and social groups. This inclusive approach became one of the reasons for the expansion of his influence. Therefore, the Reason is incorrect.
Question 76: Assertion (A): The Bhakti Movement accelerated the literary development of regional languages in medieval Indian society. Reason (R): Many Bhakti saints composed their works in vernacular languages instead of Sanskrit.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The use of vernacular languages by Bhakti saints provided a broad foundation for regional literature. This became a direct cause of regional literary development.
Question 77: Assertion (A): Saints of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition gave greater importance to personal spiritual experience than to institutional religious structures. Reason (R): Nirguna saints considered God to be formless and rejected the necessity of an intermediary priestly class.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Nirguna saints emphasized a direct relationship with God and opposed priestly mediation. Therefore, prioritizing personal spiritual experience was a direct outcome of their belief in a formless God.
Question 78: Which of the following can be considered a long-term impact of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Development of regional literary traditions
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement made a major contribution to the development of regional languages and literature. It gave new direction to Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and Punjabi literature. The caste system was not completely abolished; therefore, option A is incorrect.
Question 79: The concept of a “formless God” is most closely associated with which of the following traditions?
Correct Answer:
A
— Nirguna Bhakti
Explanation:
The Nirguna Bhakti tradition regarded God as formless and without attributes. Kabir and Guru Nanak were major saints of this tradition. In contrast, the Saguna tradition worshipped God in a manifested form.
Question 80: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
D
— It promoted the spirit of social harmony
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement brought both religious and social changes. It challenged caste discrimination and promoted social harmony. It was not entirely dependent on royal patronage.
Question 81: The teachings of which of the following saints clearly reflect Islamic Sufi influence?
Correct Answer:
B
— Kabir
Explanation:
Kabir’s teachings reflect the influence of both Hindu and Sufi traditions. He spoke of a formless God and opposed external rituals.
Question 82: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Bhakti Movement promoted the religious participation of women. (2) Mirabai was a major female saint of the Bhakti Movement.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement provided opportunities for religious participation to women and lower social groups. Mirabai is a prominent example of this. She rose above social restrictions and embraced Krishna Bhakti.
Question 83: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Guru Nanak — Geet Govind
Explanation:
“Geet Govind” was composed by Jayadeva, not Guru Nanak. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 84: Which of the following did NOT directly contribute to the popular spread of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Rigid Sanskrit-based rituals
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement emerged partly as a reaction against rigid Sanskrit-based rituals and religious orthodoxy; however, such rituals themselves were not a major factor promoting its spread. In contrast, the use of local languages, social inclusiveness, and the accessibility of saints to common people significantly contributed to its expansion.
Question 85: Which of the following statements is not correct regarding Chaitanya Mahaprabhu?
Correct Answer:
C
— He was a major proponent of Nirguna Bhakti
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a major saint of Saguna Krishna Bhakti. He popularized Radha-Krishna devotion and the Sankirtan movement. Nirguna Bhakti was associated with saints such as Kabir and Guru Nanak.
Question 86: Which of the following saints envisioned an ideal society called “Begumpura”?
Correct Answer:
A
— Ravidas
Explanation:
Ravidas envisioned “Begumpura” as a society free from sorrow, taxes, and social discrimination. It reflects the idea of social equality and justice.
Question 87: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Basavanna led the Virashaiva or Lingayat movement. (2) The Lingayat movement opposed the caste system and Brahmanical rituals.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Basavanna was the major leader of the Virashaiva/Lingayat movement in Karnataka during the 12th century. This movement opposed the caste system, sacrifices, and rituals, and emphasized personal devotion and social equality.
Question 88: An important feature of the Bhakti Movement was that it:
Correct Answer:
D
— Made religious experience more personal
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement connected religion with personal experience and devotion towards God. This made religious life simpler and more accessible to the common people. The movement opposed rituals and priestly domination.
Question 89: Which of the following texts contains the hymns of Guru Nanak along with those of later Sikh Gurus and several Bhakti saints?
Correct Answer:
A
— Guru Granth Sahib
Explanation:
The Guru Granth Sahib contains the hymns of Guru Nanak along with those of later Sikh Gurus and several Bhakti saints. It is the principal religious scripture of Sikhism.
Question 90: Which of the following saints is most closely associated with the idea of social equality and the concept of “Begumpura”?
Correct Answer:
B
— Ravidas
Explanation:
Ravidas emphasized social equality and envisioned an ideal society called “Begumpura,” free from caste discrimination and suffering. His teachings reflected egalitarian and humanistic values.
Question 91: In the context of the Bhakti Movement, “Saguna Bhakti” is associated with:
Correct Answer:
C
— Worship of God in a manifested form
Explanation:
In Saguna Bhakti, God is worshipped in a manifested form, such as Rama and Krishna. Tulsidas, Surdas, and Mirabai were major saints of this tradition. In contrast, the Nirguna tradition considered God to be formless.
Question 92: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Kabir criticized the religious orthodoxies of both Hindus and Muslims. (2) Kabir supported idol worship.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Kabir criticized the external rituals of both religions and emphasized the worship of a formless God. He opposed idol worship. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.
Question 93: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Namdev — Maharashtra
Explanation:
Namdev was a famous Bhakti saint from Maharashtra. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was associated with Bengal, while Basavanna belonged to Karnataka.
Question 94: Which of the following saints was associated with the “Pushtimarga”?
Correct Answer:
B
— Vallabhacharya
Explanation:
Vallabhacharya founded the Pushtimarga tradition, which was based on Krishna Bhakti. In this tradition, God’s grace (Pushti) was considered the principal means of attaining salvation. It became especially popular in Western India.
Question 95: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Alvar saints were associated with the Vaishnava tradition. (2) The Nayanar saints supported Buddhism.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
The Alvar saints were devotees of Vishnu; therefore, statement 1 is correct. The Nayanar saints belonged to the Shaiva tradition and opposed Buddhist and Jain influences; therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.
Question 96: Which of the following saints was not associated with the “Nirguna Bhakti” tradition?
Correct Answer:
D
— Surdas
Explanation:
Surdas belonged to the Saguna Krishna Bhakti tradition and composed the “Sursagar.” Whereas Kabir, Dadu Dayal, and Guru Nanak were major saints of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition.
Question 97: Assertion (A): The Chishti Sufi saints emphasized accepting strict royal patronage. Reason (R): Most Chishti saints preferred to maintain distance from rulers.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Chishti Sufi saints generally maintained distance from rulers and royal patronage. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 98: Assertion (A): Some saints of the Bhakti Movement opposed the caste system. Reason (R): These saints believed that all human beings are equal in the eyes of God.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Bhakti saints opposed social discrimination because they considered all human beings equal in the eyes of God. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 99: Assertion (A): Tulsidas played an important role in popularizing Rama Bhakti. Reason (R): Tulsidas composed the ‘Ramcharitmanas’ in Sanskrit.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
It is true that Tulsidas popularized Rama Bhakti. However, the ‘Ramcharitmanas’ was composed not in Sanskrit but in the Awadhi language.
Question 100: Assertion (A): Both Kabir and Guru Nanak emphasized religious tolerance. Reason (R): Both saints rejected rigid religious divisions and external rituals.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both Kabir and Guru Nanak criticized ritualism and religious divisions between communities. Their emphasis on a universal spiritual path contributed to religious tolerance and harmony. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 101: Assertion (A): The impact of the Bhakti Movement remained limited only to the religious sphere. Reason (R): The Bhakti Movement contributed to the development of regional literature and languages.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The impact of the Bhakti Movement extended to social, cultural, and literary spheres as well. It made a significant contribution to the development of regional languages and literature.
Question 102: Assertion (A): Guru Nanak criticized religious hypocrisy and rituals. Reason (R): Guru Nanak established the Khalsa Panth in Sikhism.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Guru Nanak criticized religious hypocrisy and external rituals. However, the Khalsa Panth was established by Guru Gobind Singh.
Question 103: Assertion (A): Both Sufi saints and Bhakti saints used local languages. Reason (R): The use of local languages helped their teachings reach the wider masses.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Sufi and Bhakti saints used local languages so that common people could understand their teachings. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 104: Assertion (A): The Bhakti Movement promoted the spirit of social equality. Reason (R): Many Bhakti saints composed their teachings in regional languages.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement promoted social equality by questioning caste distinctions and emphasizing devotion over social status. It is also true that many Bhakti saints used regional languages to reach common people, but this is not the direct explanation for the promotion of social equality. Therefore, both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Question 105: Assertion (A): The Alvar and Nayanar saints popularized the Bhakti Movement in South India. Reason (R): The Alvar saints were mainly associated with Shaivism.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Alvar and Nayanar saints popularized the Bhakti Movement in South India. However, the Alvar saints were associated with the Vaishnava tradition, whereas the Nayanar saints were associated with the Shaiva tradition.
Question 106: Assertion (A): Saints of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition opposed idol worship. Reason (R): Nirguna saints considered God to be formless and omnipresent.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
According to the Nirguna saints, God is formless and omnipresent; therefore, they did not consider idol worship necessary. Hence, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 107: Which of the following saints extensively used the “Sakhi” and “Sabad” literary styles?
Correct Answer:
C
— Kabir
Explanation:
“Sakhi” and “Sabad” were major literary forms in Kabir’s compositions. His language was simple and accessible to the common people. He was a major saint of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition.
Question 108: The text “Bijak” is associated with which saint?
Correct Answer:
B
— Kabir
Explanation:
“Bijak” is the major compilation of Kabir’s teachings. It includes Sakhi, Sabad, and Ramaini compositions. Kabir criticized religious orthodoxy and social discrimination.
Question 109: What was the philosophy propounded by Vallabhacharya called?
Correct Answer:
B
— Shuddhadvaitavada
Explanation:
Vallabhacharya propounded the philosophy of Shuddhadvaitavada and established the Pushtimarga tradition. He was a supporter of Krishna Bhakti. According to him, devotion is the means to attain God’s grace.
Question 110: Which of the following statements is correct regarding Ramananda?
Correct Answer:
D
— He made devotion accessible to all castes
Explanation:
Ramananda was a major Vaishnava saint of North India. He gave less importance to caste barriers and allowed people from all sections of society to practice devotion. Kabir and Ravidas are also associated with his tradition.
Question 111: Which of the following was an impact of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Development of regional languages
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement made a significant contribution to the development of regional languages. Saints composed literary works in vernacular languages, which promoted literature and culture. The caste system was not completely abolished; therefore, option B is incorrect.
Question 112: Which of the following saints was associated with the “Varkari Sampradaya”?
Correct Answer:
A
— Tukaram
Explanation:
Tukaram was a major saint of the Varkari Sampradaya of Maharashtra. This tradition was associated with the worship of Vithoba (Vitthal). The Varkari tradition was famous for social equality and devotional music.
Question 113: The “Abhang” compositions were mainly written in which language?
Correct Answer:
D
— Marathi
Explanation:
Abhang was a famous poetic style of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra, popularized by saints such as Namdev and Tukaram. These compositions were mainly written in the Marathi language.
Question 114: Mirabai was associated with which Bhakti tradition?
Correct Answer:
C
— Krishna Bhakti
Explanation:
Mirabai was a famous Krishna devotee saint from Rajasthan. Her compositions were based on love and devotion. She belonged to the Saguna Bhakti tradition and regarded Krishna as her supreme deity.
Question 115: Which of the following saints propounded the principle of “Ek Onkar”?
Correct Answer:
B
— Guru Nanak
Explanation:
Guru Nanak conveyed the message of monotheism through the concept of “Ek Onkar.” He opposed caste discrimination, superstition, and rituals. His teachings later became the foundation of Sikhism.
Question 116: What does “Nirguna Bhakti” mean in the context of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
A
— Considering God as formless
Explanation:
In the Nirguna Bhakti tradition, God was regarded as formless, unborn, and omnipresent. Kabir, Guru Nanak, and Dadu Dayal were its major saints. In contrast, Saguna Bhakti accepted God in a manifested form.
Question 117: Which of the following saints was associated with Krishna Bhakti?
Correct Answer:
A
— Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a major saint of the Krishna Bhakti movement in Bengal. He popularized the Sankirtan tradition. He belonged to the Saguna branch of the Vaishnava Bhakti tradition.
Question 118: What was the main objective of the “Langar” system propounded by Guru Nanak?
Correct Answer:
D
— To establish social equality
Explanation:
Through the Langar system, Guru Nanak sought to reduce caste distinctions and promote social equality. In this system, people from different social backgrounds sat together and shared meals. It symbolizes equality and service in the Sikh tradition.
Question 119: What was the main basis of Kabir’s teachings?
Correct Answer:
C
— Nirguna Bhakti and social equality
Explanation:
Kabir was a major saint of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition. He criticized the orthodox practices of both Hinduism and Islam and opposed caste discrimination. His couplets were based on social reform and spiritual unity.
Question 120: Which of the following saints composed the “Ramcharitmanas”?
Correct Answer:
D
— Tulsidas
Explanation:
Tulsidas composed the “Ramcharitmanas” in the Awadhi language, which popularized Rama Bhakti among the masses. The text was written in a vernacular language instead of Sanskrit, which increased its popularity.
Question 121: Ramanujacharya was associated with which philosophy?
Correct Answer:
C
— Vishishtadvaitavada
Explanation:
Ramanujacharya propounded the philosophy of Vishishtadvaitavada. According to him, the individual soul and Brahman are distinct yet remain connected. He considered devotion to be the principal path to salvation.
Question 122: Which factor played the most important role in the spread of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Use of local languages
Explanation:
Bhakti saints used local languages to reach the common masses. Kabir used Sadhukkadi, Tulsidas used Awadhi, Mirabai used Rajasthani, and Namdev composed in Marathi. This was the reason why the movement gained widespread popular support.
Question 123: The Nayanar saints were associated with which religious tradition?
Correct Answer:
A
— Shaiva tradition
Explanation:
The Nayanar saints belonged to the Shaiva Bhakti tradition and promoted devotion to Lord Shiva. They composed devotional literature in the Tamil language. Their movement also emerged partly in response to the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism in South India.
Question 124: The Alvar saints were mainly devotees of which deity?
Correct Answer:
C
— Vishnu
Explanation:
The Alvar saints were associated with the Vaishnava tradition and propagated devotion to Vishnu. In contrast, the Nayanar saints were devotees of Shiva.
Question 125: Which of the following is considered the early center of the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Tamil Nadu
Explanation:
The Bhakti Movement is believed to have originated in South India, particularly in the Tamil region with the Alvar and Nayanar saints. These saints were active between the 6th and 9th centuries. They propagated devotion in local languages.
Question 126: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Bhakti Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— It emphasized personal devotion towards God
Explanation:
The main foundation of the Bhakti Movement was personal devotion towards God. The movement opposed rituals, caste discrimination, and religious orthodoxy. It originated in South India and later spread to North India.
Question 127: Assertion (A): Tulsidas composed works in the Awadhi language. Reason (R): Tulsidas was one of the Navaratnas in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Tulsidas composed the ‘Ramcharitmanas’ in the Awadhi language. He was not among the Navaratnas of Emperor Akbar’s court.
Question 128: Assertion (A): There were certain similarities between the Sufi and Bhakti movements. Reason (R): Both emphasized attaining God through love and devotion.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both the Sufi and Bhakti traditions emphasized love, devotion, and inner spiritual experience in relation to God. This was the primary basis of their similarity.
Question 129: Assertion (A): Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was associated with the Shaiva Bhakti tradition. Reason (R): Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is regarded as a major saint of the Krishna Bhakti tradition.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a prominent saint of the Vaishnava and Krishna Bhakti traditions. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 130: Assertion (A): Bhakti saints used regional languages. Reason (R): This helped their teachings reach the common people easily.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Bhakti saints used regional languages instead of Sanskrit so that ordinary people could understand their teachings. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 131: Assertion (A): Mirabai was associated with the Krishna Bhakti tradition. Reason (R): Mirabai composed the ‘Ramcharitmanas’.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Mirabai was a devoted follower of Lord Krishna. The ‘Ramcharitmanas’ was composed by Goswami Tulsidas, not by Mirabai.
Question 132: Assertion (A): Guru Nanak opposed caste discrimination. Reason (R): Guru Nanak believed in the equality of all human beings.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Guru Nanak emphasized social equality and opposed caste discrimination. His belief in the equality of all human beings was the primary reason behind his opposition to caste divisions.
Question 133: Assertion (A): The Bhakti Movement was confined only to South India. Reason (R): Several saints in North India also carried forward the Bhakti tradition.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Although the Bhakti Movement originated in South India, it later spread across the country, including North India. Saints such as Kabir, Tulsidas, and Guru Nanak further promoted it in North India.
Question 134: Assertion (A): Ramanujacharya considered devotion (Bhakti) an important means to attain salvation. Reason (R): Ramanujacharya was a major propounder of Advaita Vedanta.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Ramanujacharya propounded the philosophy of Vishishtadvaita and emphasized devotion. He was not the propounder of Advaita Vedanta; Adi Shankaracharya was the major propounder of Advaita Vedanta.
Question 135: Assertion (A): Kabir criticized the orthodox practices of both Hinduism and Islam. Reason (R): Kabir composed a text known as ‘Bijak’.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
It is true that Kabir criticized the orthodox practices of both religions. ‘Bijak’ is a collection of his compositions, but it is not the direct reason or explanation for the Assertion. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
Question 136: Assertion (A): The Bhakti Movement emphasized personal devotion as the means to attain God. Reason (R): Bhakti saints criticized complex rituals and priestly domination.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The primary objective of the Bhakti Movement was to establish a direct and personal relationship with God. Therefore, the saints opposed rituals and priestly domination. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.