Practice 150+ Mughal Empire MCQ for UPSC Prelims, SSC, PCS and other competitive exams. Important Medieval History Questions with answers and explanations covering Akbar, Aurangzeb, Mansabdari System, Mughal Administration, Economy, Art, Culture and Jagirdari System.
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150+ Mughal Empire MCQ | UPSC Medieval History Questions
Description
Practice 150+ Mughal Empire MCQ for UPSC Prelims, SSC, PCS and other competitive exams. Important Medieval History Questions with answers and explanations covering Akbar, Aurangzeb, Mansabdari System, Mughal Administration, Economy, Art, Culture and Jagirdari System.
Difficulty
Hard
Num Questions
200
Points Per Question
1
Time Limit
200 minutes
All MCQ Questions with Answers and Explanations
Question 1: Consider the statements: (1) During the Mughal period, the textile industry formed an important part of international trade. (2) Bengal and Gujarat were major centres of textile production. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The textile industry of Mughal India was world-renowned. Bengal’s muslin and Gujarat’s cotton textiles were highly popular in international trade.
Question 2: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
A
— Jharokha Darshan — Akbar
Explanation:
Akbar adopted practices such as Jharokha Darshan to strengthen imperial legitimacy. The other pairs are factually incorrect.
Question 3: During the reign of which Mughal ruler did the ‘Marwar Succession Dispute’ arise?
Correct Answer:
C
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Aurangzeb intervened in the Marwar succession dispute, which deteriorated Mughal relations with the Rajputs.
Question 4: Consider the statements: (1) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier described the Indian diamond trade. (2) Francois Bernier criticized the Mughal land system. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier gave a detailed account of the Indian diamond trade, while Francois Bernier criticized the Mughal land system, highlighting the absence of private property rights.
Question 5: ‘Hundi’ was related to:
Correct Answer:
C
— Commercial credit instruments and financial transactions
Explanation:
Hundi was a system of commercial credit and financial exchange used by merchants in long-distance trade. It significantly contributed to the growth of the Mughal commercial economy.
Question 6: Which of the following statements is not correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— The Dutch were the first to establish political power in Bengal.
Explanation:
Political power in Bengal was established by the English, not the Dutch. The British East India Company gradually expanded its political intervention.
Question 7: Which of the following ports served as the principal Mughal port on the western coast and an important centre of international trade?
Correct Answer:
A
— Surat
Explanation:
Surat emerged as the principal Mughal port on the western coast. It served as an important centre for overseas trade, Hajj pilgrims, and European commercial activities.
Question 8: Consider the statements: (1) Nur Jahan influenced political decisions during Jahangir’s reign. (2) Coins were also issued in the name of Nur Jahan. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Nur Jahan was an extremely influential royal woman during Jahangir’s reign. The issuance of coins in her name symbolized her political authority.
Question 9: ‘Tulughma Policy’ was related to:
Correct Answer:
B
— A military strategy of encirclement in warfare
Explanation:
Babur adopted the Tulughma strategy in the Battles of Panipat and Khanwa, wherein the army was divided into various units to encircle the enemy from all sides.
Question 10: Which Rajput state offered the longest and most effective resistance to Akbar?
Correct Answer:
C
— Mewar
Explanation:
Under the leadership of Maharana Pratap, Mewar did not accept Akbar’s suzerainty. The struggle continued even after the Battle of Haldighati (1576).
Question 11: Which of the following statements best reflects the administrative nature of the Mughal Empire?
Correct Answer:
C
— It was a centralized empire that also accommodated local powers.
Explanation:
Mughal administration was highly centralized, but at the practical level it had to negotiate and accommodate Rajputs, Zamindars, and provincial powers.
Question 12: Consider the statements: (1) Trade and craft production developed extensively in the Mughal Empire. (2) The Mughal court and administrative centres played an important role in the process of urbanization. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
During the Mughal period, trade, handicrafts, and urban centres developed remarkably. Cities such as Agra, Lahore, and Ahmedabad emerged as administrative and commercial centres. Irfan Habib emphasized the commercial character of the Mughal economy.
Question 13: Which of the following statements is not correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was written by Abul Fazl.
Explanation:
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was the autobiography written by Jahangir. Abul Fazl authored Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari.
Question 14: In Mughal political ideology, the concept of ‘Padshah’ symbolized:
Correct Answer:
C
— A universal and supreme emperor
Explanation:
In Mughal political ideology, ‘Padshah’ represented the universal and supreme status of the emperor. Akbar further developed this concept ideologically.
Question 15: Consider the statements: (1) In the Mughal Empire, revenue from ‘Khalisa’ land went directly to the imperial treasury. (2) Income from Jagir land was generally assigned to Mansabdars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Khalisa land was directly under central revenue control, whereas revenue from Jagir land was assigned to Mansabdars as salary. This arrangement was a central feature of the Mughal administrative structure.
Question 16: Which of the following statements is most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
C
— Mughal painting reflected a synthesis of Persian, Indian, and European influences.
Explanation:
Mughal painting was the result of multicultural influences. The early Persian style later incorporated Indian realism and European techniques. This style especially flourished during Jahangir’s reign.
Question 17: Why do historians attach special importance to the ‘Ain-i-Akbari’?
Correct Answer:
C
— It is a detailed document on Mughal administration, economy, and society.
Explanation:
Ain-i-Akbari provides detailed information regarding Mughal administration, army, revenue, provinces, castes, and economic structure. Therefore, it is considered an extremely important source for administrative history.
Question 18: Consider the statements: (1) During the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire was territorially at its largest extent. (2) This expansion proved to be completely stable and sustainable from an administrative perspective. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The Mughal Empire reached its greatest territorial extent under Aurangzeb, but this expansion also brought administrative and economic crises. The prolonged Deccan wars weakened resources.
Question 19: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Abul Fazl — Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh
Explanation:
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh was written by Badauni, not by Abul Fazl.
Question 20: Consider the statements: (1) The principal source of income of the Mughal state was land revenue. (2) Mughal administration depended upon regular surveys and record-keeping of agricultural production. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The largest source of income of the Mughal state was land revenue, and detailed land measurement, record-keeping, and productivity assessment were undertaken to systematize it. Raja Todar Mal’s arrangements exemplify this administrative efficiency.
Question 21: With reference to the decline of the Mughal Empire, which of the following views is considered the most balanced?
Correct Answer:
D
— The decline was the combined result of multiple political, economic, administrative, and regional factors.
Explanation:
Modern historiography considers the Mughal decline as a multi-causal process. The Jagirdari crisis, Deccan campaigns, administrative weakness, succession wars, provincial autonomy, and economic pressures all contributed to it.
Question 22: Consider the statements: (1) In Mughal administration, ‘Mansab’ indicated both the military and civil status of an individual. (2) All Mansabdars were required to maintain the same number of soldiers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Mansab denoted both the administrative and military position of an individual, but the number of soldiers maintained varied among Mansabdars. This was determined on the basis of ‘Zat’ and ‘Sawar’.
Question 23: The reign of which Mughal ruler has been described by some historians as a “Pyrrhic Expansion”?
Correct Answer:
C
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns expanded the empire, but at the cost of severely weakening administrative, economic, and military resources. Hence, some historians describe it as a “Pyrrhic Expansion.”
Question 24: ‘Zawabit’ was related to:
Correct Answer:
B
— Secular regulations framed by the emperor
Explanation:
‘Zawabit’ referred to secular or state regulations framed by the emperor for administrative convenience. These regulations could operate alongside Sharia and reflected practical governance requirements in the Mughal state.
Question 25: Consider the statements: (1) A large part of agricultural production during the Mughal period had become linked with the market. (2) The production of cash crops held importance in the Mughal economy. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Mughal agriculture was not merely subsistence-oriented; cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and sugarcane were widely cultivated and connected to markets. Irfan Habib emphasized the commercial character of the Mughal economy.
Question 26: Which of the following statements is not correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— Shah Jahan abolished the Jizya tax.
Explanation:
Jizya was abolished by Akbar in 1564 CE. Shah Jahan neither abolished nor formally reimposed it. Aurangzeb later reimposed Jizya in 1679 CE. Historical evidence also suggests that Aurangzeb, despite temple destructions in some contexts, granted land grants to certain temples and Brahmins.
Question 27: In the context of the Mughal economy, what was ‘Dam’?
Correct Answer:
B
— A copper coin
Explanation:
‘Dam’ was a copper coin of the Mughal period. There existed a fixed exchange ratio between the silver rupee and the copper dam. Sher Shah Suri and later the Mughals systematized the currency system further.
Question 28: Consider the statements: (1) Akbar’s policy of ‘Sulh-i-Kul’ aimed only at securing the support of non-Muslims. (2) Sulh-i-Kul represented the concept of universal peace and tolerance in the state. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— 2 only
Explanation:
Sulh-i-Kul was not merely a policy to gain political support; rather, it was a broader ideological concept of governance emphasizing tolerance towards all religions. Akbar associated it with the stability and ideological legitimacy of the empire.
Question 29: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Abul Fazl — Fatwa-i-Alamgiri
Explanation:
Fatwa-i-Alamgiri was compiled under the orders of Aurangzeb and had no connection with Abul Fazl. Abul Fazl was the court historian of Akbar.
Question 30: Consider the statements: (1) Mughal-period ‘Zamindars’ were not merely tax collectors but also possessed local military power. (2) All Zamindars were directly appointed salaried officials of the Mughal administration. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Mughal-period Zamindars were influential local elites who possessed social, economic, and at times military power as well. They were not always state-appointed officials. Irfan Habib regarded the Zamindars as an important component of the rural power structure.
Question 31: Assertion (A): Communication and road systems played a role in the administrative success of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): Roads built by Sher Shah Suri were later used by the Mughals.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Roads and communication systems strengthened Mughal administration. Sher Shah’s roads were used by the Mughals, but administrative success also depended on postal system, sarais, and governance mechanisms.
Question 32: Assertion (A): Mughal handicraft production was limited only to imperial workshops. Reason (R): Rural and urban artisans were also actively engaged in textile, metal, and handicraft production.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Handicraft production was not limited to royal workshops; private and local production was also widespread.
Question 33: Assertion (A): In Mughal administration, religious policy and political necessity were often interconnected. Reason (R): Religious decisions by rulers were often influenced by imperial interests.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Mughal religious policies were not purely faith-based; they were influenced by administrative and political strategies.
Question 34: Assertion (A): Jahangir’s autobiographical work Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri is considered a historical source. Reason (R): It contains accounts of administration, court life, and contemporary events.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri provides important information on political and administrative events of the period.
Question 35: Assertion (A): All jagirs in the Mughal period were permanent and hereditary. Reason (R): Transfer of jagirs was an important tool of Mughal administrative control.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Jagirs were generally temporary and transferable to prevent the rise of local power centers.
Question 36: Assertion (A): Establishment of the Translation Department during Akbar’s reign was part of his policy of cultural synthesis. Reason (R): Translation of Sanskrit texts into Persian aimed to connect different intellectual traditions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Akbar promoted translation projects to encourage cultural integration, and R explains this policy.
Question 37: Assertion (A): European companies had no impact on Indian trade during the Mughal period. Reason (R): European companies were active in Indian textile and spice trade.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
European trading companies significantly influenced maritime trade and export patterns; hence Assertion is incorrect.
Question 38: Assertion (A): In Mughal administration, the Qazi was a judicial officer. Reason (R): The Qazi mainly conducted military campaigns.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Qazi dealt with judicial matters based on Sharia law and did not conduct military campaigns.
Question 39: Assertion (A): Despite increase in agricultural production, peasants were always prosperous during the Mughal period. Reason (R): High land revenue demand and pressure from local officials caused hardships to peasants.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Despite agricultural growth, peasants faced taxation pressure and exploitation; hence Assertion is incorrect.
Question 40: Assertion (A): Cavalry had special importance in the Mughal army. Reason (R): Mughal warfare emphasized mobility and fast cavalry movements.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Mughal military system was heavily dependent on cavalry because Central Asian warfare traditions emphasized mobility, speed, and mounted warfare. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 41: Assertion (A): During Aurangzeb’s reign, all Rajput states revolted against the Mughals. Reason (R): Some Rajput states also maintained cooperation with Aurangzeb.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Not all Rajput states revolted; some continued cooperation. Hence, the Assertion is incorrect.
Question 42: Assertion (A): Mughal administrative traditions continued to influence even after the decline of the empire. Reason (R): Successor regional states and British administration adopted several Mughal administrative practices.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Many Mughal administrative institutions continued under regional kingdoms and British rule.
Question 43: Assertion (A): During Shah Jahan’s reign, a more centralized imperial form of architecture developed. Reason (R): Monuments like the Taj Mahal and Red Fort reflected the architectural achievements of Shah Jahan’s reign.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Shah Jahan’s reign witnessed a highly organized and centralized imperial architectural style characterized by symmetry, grandeur, and refined planning. The Taj Mahal and Red Fort are examples of these achievements, but the Reason only highlights examples and does not fully explain the process of architectural centralization.
Question 44: Assertion (A): In Mughal administration, the Faujdar’s role was limited only to judicial matters. Reason (R): The Faujdar maintained law and order and military control at the local level.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Faujdar was not only a judicial officer but also responsible for military and administrative control.
Question 45: Assertion (A): During Akbar’s reign, cash revenue collection was promoted. Reason (R): The Mughal economy had expanded monetary circulation and commercial activity.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Expansion of trade and monetary economy made cash revenue collection more practical and efficient.
Question 46: Assertion (A): Persian administrative culture had a widespread influence during the Mughal period. Reason (R): Persian was the official language of the Mughal court and administration.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The adoption of Persian as the official language deeply influenced administration, literature, and court culture.
Question 47: Assertion (A): Akbar’s Rajput policy provided only military benefits. Reason (R): Participation of Rajputs also provided political legitimacy and regional cooperation to the Mughal administration.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Rajput policy was not only military in nature but also important for political stability and administrative cooperation.
Question 48: Assertion (A): Urban development in the Mughal Empire was caused only by foreign trade. Reason (R): Administrative centres, military cantonments, and handicraft production also contributed to urban growth.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Mughal urbanisation was multi-causal. Along with foreign trade, administrative, military, and craft activities were also important.
Question 49: Assertion (A): Aurangzeb largely restricted court patronage of music. Reason (R): Aurangzeb imposed a complete ban on music throughout the empire.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Aurangzeb reduced court patronage of music but did not impose a complete ban throughout the empire.
Question 50: Assertion (A): In the Mughal administration, the Diwan was mainly concerned with financial matters. Reason (R): The Diwan supervised revenue collection and expenditure control.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Diwan was responsible for revenue and expenditure management. Therefore, R correctly explains A.
Question 51: Assertion (A): Accounts of European travelers are important historical sources for the reign of Jahangir. Reason (R): Sir Thomas Roe visited Jahangir’s court as the ambassador of King James I of England.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
European travelers’ accounts are valuable historical sources for understanding Mughal administration, trade, and court life. Sir Thomas Roe indeed visited Jahangir’s court as an English ambassador, but this fact alone does not explain why European accounts are considered important historical sources. Therefore, both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Question 52: Assertion (A): A detailed survey of agricultural production was conducted in the Mughal revenue system. Reason (R): Land measurement and estimation of yield were considered essential for revenue determination.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Under systems like Zabti and Dahsala, land measurement and average yield were used to determine revenue.
Question 53: Assertion (A): Succession conflicts played a role in the decline of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): In Mughal tradition, there was no clear rule of primogeniture.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to the absence of a fixed succession law, conflicts among princes were frequent, which weakened the empire.
Question 54: Assertion (A): Akbar declared Din-i-Ilahi as the state religion. Reason (R): Din-i-Ilahi remained limited to a small number of courtiers.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Din-i-Ilahi was not declared a state religion. It remained limited to a small intellectual and courtly circle as a moral and spiritual order. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect while the Reason is correct.
Question 55: Assertion (A): In Shah Jahan’s architectural works, the use of marble increased compared to earlier periods. Reason (R): In Shah Jahan’s reign, greater emphasis was placed on beauty and decorative elements in architecture.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Shah Jahan’s architecture became more grand and ornate, leading to extensive use of marble instead of red sandstone.
Question 56: Assertion (A): Persian influence is clearly visible in Mughal painting. Reason (R): Mughal painting later incorporated several Indian themes and techniques.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Mughal painting was initially influenced by Persian artistic traditions, especially after Humayun brought Persian painters to India. Later, Mughal painting also absorbed Indian themes, colors, and techniques. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are correct, but the Reason does not explain the Persian influence mentioned in the Assertion.
Question 57: Assertion (A): During Aurangzeb’s reign, expansion of the Mughal territorial boundary also increased administrative crisis. Reason (R): Massive increase in resources and military expenditure was required to maintain control over the vast empire.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Expansion into the Deccan made administration difficult and increased military and financial pressure. This was the main cause of the crisis.
Question 58: Assertion (A): The works of Abul Fazl are an important source for the study of Akbar’s administration and ideology. Reason (R): Abul Fazl composed Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari provide detailed accounts of administration, economy, military, and ideology. Therefore, the Reason is the direct basis of the Assertion.
Question 59: Assertion (A): The Mansabdari system of the Mughal Empire was a completely hereditary administrative system. Reason (R): The mansab was granted by the emperor and could be changed or abolished.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Mansabdari system was not hereditary; the mansab depended on the emperor’s discretion. The Reason is correct.
Question 60: Assertion (A): Akbar’s policy of Sulh-i-Kul was not based only on tolerance but was also a part of imperial politics. Reason (R): By incorporating different religious and social communities into the administration, the legitimacy and stability of Mughal rule increased.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The objective of Akbar’s policy was not only religious tolerance but also broader political integration. Inclusion of various groups strengthened the stability of the empire.
Question 61: Consider the statements: (1) There was no fixed rule of succession in the Mughal Empire. (2) Wars of succession weakened the Mughal Empire. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
In the Mughal tradition, there was no fixed rule of primogeniture; therefore, princes fought among themselves during every succession. The conflict involving Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb is a major example of this.
Question 62: Which historian considered the ‘Jagir Crisis’ a major cause of Mughal decline?
Correct Answer:
B
— Satish Chandra
Explanation:
Satish Chandra considered the ‘Jagir Crisis’ a major cause of the decline of the Mughal Empire. According to him, the increasing number of Mansabdars and the shortage of suitable Jagirs created an administrative crisis.
Question 63: With reference to the ‘Fatawa-i-Alamgiri’, which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— It was a compilation of Islamic laws.
Explanation:
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri was a comprehensive compilation of Islamic laws prepared under the orders of Aurangzeb. It reflected his orthodox religious policy.
Question 64: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Diwan — Judicial decisions
Explanation:
The primary function of the Diwan was revenue and financial administration, not judicial decisions. Judicial functions were associated with the Qazi.
Question 65: Consider the statements: (1) During the Mughal period, ‘Khudkasht’ peasants cultivated their land permanently. (2) ‘Pahikasht’ peasants generally came from other places for cultivation. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
In Mughal rural society, Khudkasht peasants were local residents and relatively permanent cultivators, whereas Pahikasht peasants came from outside areas for cultivation.
Question 66: Which of the following elements best reflects the centralized nature of the Mughal Empire?
Correct Answer:
B
— Transferable Jagirs and the Mansabdari system
Explanation:
Through the Mansabdari system and transferable Jagirs, the Mughal emperor maintained control over officials. This reduced the possibility of the emergence of regional power centers.
Question 67: ‘Bibi ka Maqbara’ was built by whom?
Correct Answer:
B
— Prince Azam Shah (son of Aurangzeb)
Explanation:
Bibi ka Maqbara at Aurangabad was commissioned by Prince Azam Shah, son of Aurangzeb, in memory of his mother Dilras Banu Begum. Its construction is also associated with architect Ata-ullah. Due to its resemblance to the Taj Mahal, it is often called the “Taj of the Deccan.”
Question 68: The direct impact of the ‘Jagir Crisis’ was seen on which of the following?
Correct Answer:
A
— Income and loyalty of the Mansabdars
Explanation:
Due to the shortage of suitable Jagirs, the income of Mansabdars was affected, and their loyalty began to weaken. This led to administrative instability and corruption. Historian Satish Chandra regarded it as a major cause of Mughal decline.
Question 69: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— Baburnama was originally written in the Persian language.
Explanation:
Baburnama was originally written in the Chagatai Turkish language and was later translated into Persian. All the other statements are correct.
Question 70: The ‘Charbagh Style’ is mainly associated with:
Correct Answer:
B
— Mughal garden and architectural planning
Explanation:
The Charbagh style was a Persian-influenced garden layout in which the garden was divided into four sections. Excellent examples of this style can be seen in the Taj Mahal and Humayun’s Tomb.
Question 71: Consider the statements: (1) Mughal painting represented a synthesis of Indian and Persian styles. (2) Aurangzeb actively patronized painting. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Mughal painting originated under Persian influence and later evolved with Indian and European elements. Aurangzeb, however, gave comparatively less patronage to painting.
Question 72: During the reign of which Mughal ruler did the English East India Company first receive significant trading privileges?
Correct Answer:
D
— Jahangir
Explanation:
During Jahangir’s reign, representatives of the English East India Company, such as William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe, obtained important commercial privileges. This marked the beginning of stronger English commercial influence in India.
Question 73: Which of the following elements was most essential for the successful implementation of the ‘Zabti System’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Accurate land measurement
Explanation:
In the Zabti System, measurement of land, estimation of produce, and price assessment were extremely important. On this basis, the state’s share was determined. Raja Todar Mal strengthened this system technically.
Question 74: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
A
— Francois Bernier — Travels in the Mughal Empire
Explanation:
Francois Bernier wrote an account of Mughal India commonly known in English as Travels in the Mughal Empire. Niccolao Manucci wrote Storia do Mogor, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was written by Jahangir, and Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh was written by Badauni.
Question 75: Consider the statements: (1) During the Mughal period, Zamindars were always state officials. (2) Zamindars exercised local influence and collected revenue at the local level. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 2
Explanation:
Mughal Zamindars were not merely government officials; they were part of the locally dominant classes and exercised socio-political influence along with revenue collection from peasants.
Question 76: Due to which of the following reasons did provincial powers begin to emerge during the later Mughal period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Jagir crisis and weak successors
Explanation:
During the later Mughal period, weak emperors, the Jagir crisis, autonomy of provincial governors, and continuous wars led to the rise of provincial powers such as Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad.
Question 77: ‘Ain-i-Dahsala’ is related to:
Correct Answer:
C
— Land revenue assessment
Explanation:
‘Ain-i-Dahsala’ was a revenue assessment system in which land revenue was fixed on the basis of the average produce and prices of the previous ten years. Raja Todar Mal gave it an organized structure.
Question 78: Which of the following monuments is regarded as an early and influential example of the Mughal Charbagh garden style?
Correct Answer:
B
— Humayun’s Tomb
Explanation:
Humayun’s Tomb, built in Delhi in the 16th century, is regarded as one of the earliest and finest examples of the Persian-influenced Charbagh garden style in India. It significantly influenced later Mughal architecture, including the Taj Mahal.
Question 79: The concepts of ‘Mahzar’ and ‘Sulh-i-Kul’ are mainly associated with:
Correct Answer:
C
— Akbar’s religious policy
Explanation:
Both ‘Mahzar’ and ‘Sulh-i-Kul’ were important components of Akbar’s religious policy. The former was related to religious authority, while the latter referred to universal tolerance.
Question 80: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— During Aurangzeb’s reign, the Mughal Empire was territorially at its largest extent.
Explanation:
During Aurangzeb’s reign, the Mughal Empire attained its maximum territorial expansion. However, this expansion did not prove sustainable from administrative and economic perspectives.
Question 81: Consider the statements: (1) The ‘Mahzar’ was issued during Akbar’s reign. (2) Through the Mahzar, the power of the ulema was restricted. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Through the Mahzar of 1579 CE, Akbar assumed the authority to take the final decision in religious matters. This limited the influence of the ulema and established the supremacy of the emperor.
Question 82: Which historian popularized the concept of the Mughal Empire as a “Gunpowder Empire”?
Correct Answer:
C
— Marshall Hodgson
Explanation:
Historian Marshall Hodgson popularized the concept of “Gunpowder Empires” for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires, emphasizing their military reliance on gunpowder weapons and artillery.
Question 83: The title ‘Zinda Pir’ was given to whom among the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Aurangzeb was called ‘Zinda Pir’ because of his religious devotion and simple lifestyle. He imposed restrictions on several courtly practices and arts.
Question 84: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Abdur Razzaq — Akbar’s court
Explanation:
Abdur Razzaq visited the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Deva Raya II, not Akbar’s court. The other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 85: Consider the statements: (1) During the Mughal period, ‘Watan Jagirs’ were generally granted to local Rajput or regional chiefs. (2) Watan Jagirs were completely transferable. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Watan Jagirs were generally granted to hereditary local chiefs, especially Rajputs. Unlike ordinary Jagirs, they were not easily transferable.
Question 86: Which of the following causes was related to the Mughal ‘Jagir Crisis’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Shortage of fertile land and an increasing number of Mansabdars
Explanation:
In the later Mughal period, there was a shortage of suitable Jagirs, while the number of Mansabdars continued to increase. This created a revenue crisis and administrative instability. Historian Satish Chandra considered it a major cause of Mughal decline.
Question 87: In the Mansabdari system, ‘Du-Aspa’ and ‘Sih-Aspa’ were related to:
Correct Answer:
B
— Additional cavalry obligations and privileges
Explanation:
Du-Aspa and Sih-Aspa referred to a system under which selected Mansabdars were required to maintain additional cavalrymen and horses. Introduced during Jahangir’s reign, it increased military strength and enhanced the status of favoured nobles.
Question 88: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— Aurangzeb revived Din-i-Ilahi.
Explanation:
Din-i-Ilahi was initiated by Akbar, and Aurangzeb did not revive it. In fact, Aurangzeb followed a more orthodox Islamic policy.
Question 89: Which of the following monuments is associated with Akbar’s tomb?
Correct Answer:
A
— Sikandra
Explanation:
Akbar’s tomb is located at Sikandra. Its construction was initiated by Akbar and completed by Jahangir.
Question 90: Which Mughal ruler got the ‘Fatawa-i-Alamgiri’ compiled?
Correct Answer:
D
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri was a compilation of Islamic laws prepared under the orders of Aurangzeb. It reflected his religious policy and Sharia-based approach to governance.
Question 91: Consider the statements regarding Mughal painting: (1) Mughal painting was influenced by the Persian style. (2) Naturalistic depiction received special encouragement during Jahangir’s reign. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Mughal painting was initially influenced by the Persian style, but later incorporated Indian and European elements. During Jahangir’s reign, nature, animals, birds, and portrait painting particularly flourished.
Question 92: Which of the following statements is correct regarding Akbar’s religious policy?
Correct Answer:
B
— He issued the Mahzar and obtained the right to give the final decision in religious matters.
Explanation:
In 1579 CE, Akbar issued the ‘Mahzar’, according to which the emperor obtained the authority to give the final decision in religious disputes. It was an important step towards limiting the influence of the ulema.
Question 93: During the reign of which Mughal ruler did William Hawkins visit India?
Correct Answer:
B
— Jahangir
Explanation:
William Hawkins visited the Mughal court during the reign of Jahangir in 1609 CE as a representative of the English East India Company. He attempted to obtain trading privileges from the Mughal emperor.
Question 94: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Sadr-us-Sudur — Military inspection
Explanation:
Sadr-us-Sudur was associated with religious grants and Islamic institutions, not military inspection. Military inspection was linked to the Mir Bakshi.
Question 95: Consider the statements: (1) In the Mughal period, ‘Jama’ referred to estimated revenue. (2) ‘Hasil’ referred to the actual revenue collected. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
In Mughal revenue administration, ‘Jama’ denoted estimated income, while ‘Hasil’ referred to actual collection. The difference between the two was considered an indicator of administrative efficiency.
Question 96: Which of the following is considered a major cause of the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Correct Answer:
A
— Excessive centralization and wars of succession
Explanation:
Several factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire, including excessive centralization, weak successors, the Jagir crisis, Deccan campaigns, and continuous wars of succession.
Question 97: Which Mughal ruler gave special importance to court practices such as ‘Sijda’ and ‘Paibos’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Akbar
Explanation:
Akbar promoted court rituals such as Sijda (prostration before the emperor) and Paibos (kissing the emperor’s feet or throne) to enhance imperial prestige and reinforce the semi-divine status of kingship. These practices reflected the increasing centralization and glorification of monarchy.
Question 98: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri is the autobiography of Shah Jahan.
Explanation:
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri is the autobiography of Jahangir, not Shah Jahan. All the other statements are correct.
Question 99: What was the primary function of the ‘Faujdar’ in Mughal administration?
Correct Answer:
B
— Maintaining military control and law and order
Explanation:
A Faujdar was the officer responsible for maintaining law and order and military control in a region. He was tasked with suppressing rebellions and maintaining peace.
Question 100: With reference to the ‘Jama Masjid’ of Delhi, which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— It was built by Shah Jahan.
Explanation:
The Jama Masjid of Delhi was built by Shah Jahan between 1650–1656 CE. It is one of the largest mosques in India and an important example of Mughal architecture. (Earlier wording was slightly ambiguous because there is also a Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri built by Akbar.)
Question 101: Consider the statements: (1) Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur and Golconda into the Mughal Empire. (2) The Deccan campaigns became one of the causes of the economic weakness of the Mughal Empire. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Aurangzeb expanded the empire by conquering Bijapur and Golconda, but the prolonged Deccan campaigns placed immense pressure on the army, finances, and administration.
Question 102: During the reign of which Mughal ruler were court chronicles such as ‘Padshahnama’ and ‘Shah Jahan Nama’ written?
Correct Answer:
B
— Shah Jahan
Explanation:
During Shah Jahan’s reign, official court chronicles such as Padshahnama (written by Abdul Hamid Lahori and others) and Shah Jahan Nama were composed. These works emphasized imperial grandeur, military campaigns, court ceremonies, and architectural achievements. The earlier wording using Zafarnama-i-Shahjahani was historically less standard for UPSC-level framing.
Question 103: In Mughal administration, ‘Madad-i-Maash’ referred to:
Correct Answer:
C
— Tax-free land granted to religious persons and scholars
Explanation:
Madad-i-Maash was tax-free land granted to scholars, Sufis, and religious persons. Through this, the state patronized religious and intellectual classes.
Question 104: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Abdus Samad — Architectural expert
Explanation:
Abdus Samad was a famous painter, not an architectural expert. He was associated with the reigns of Humayun and Akbar.
Question 105: Consider the statements: (1) In Akbar’s Mansabdari system, all Mansabdars were paid only in cash salaries. (2) Jagirs were transferable. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 2
Explanation:
Most Mansabdars were assigned Jagirs instead of cash salaries; therefore, the first statement is incorrect. Jagirs were generally transferable so that Mansabdars could not establish local power bases. This was an important aspect of Akbar’s administrative policy.
Question 106: Assertion (A): Aurangzeb’s religious measures increased political discontent in certain regions. Reason (R): The reimposition of Jizya and policies involving the demolition of some temples led to opposition.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Some of Aurangzeb’s religious policies increased discontent among various groups, which strengthened political opposition.
Question 107: Assertion (A): The Taj Mahal was constructed during Shah Jahan’s reign in memory of a military victory. Reason (R): The Taj Mahal was built in memory of Mumtaz Mahal.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Taj Mahal was not constructed to commemorate a military victory, but in memory of Mumtaz Mahal.
Question 108: Assertion (A): Commercial towns developed during the Mughal period. Reason (R): Road construction, the system of Sarais, and internal peace encouraged trade.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Better communication, secure routes, and administrative stability promoted commercial activities and the growth of towns.
Question 109: Assertion (A): Historical writing received royal patronage in the Mughal court. Reason (R): Works such as the Akbarnama and Badshahnama were written under royal patronage.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The fact that official works such as the Akbarnama and Badshahnama were written under royal patronage proves that the Mughal court encouraged historical writing. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 110: Assertion (A): Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan was only a military officer and had no connection with literature. Reason (R): Rahim is famous for composing Dohas in the Hindi language.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Rahim was not only a military officer but also a renowned poet and literary figure. His Hindi Dohas are highly famous.
Question 111: Assertion (A): The Zabti system was used in the Mughal revenue administration. Reason (R): Under the Zabti system, tax assessment was based on land measurement and average produce.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Under the Zabti system, revenue was assessed on the basis of land measurement and average production, which was a major feature of Mughal revenue administration.
Question 112: Assertion (A): The major cause of the decline of the Mughal Empire was only the wars of succession. Reason (R): The Mughal Empire also faced regional powers, financial crises, and administrative problems.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The decline of the Mughal Empire was multi-causal. Apart from wars of succession, economic crises, regional rebellions, and administrative weakness were also important factors.
Question 113: Assertion (A): Jahangir established the ‘Zanjir-i-Adl’ as a symbol of justice. Reason (R): Jahangir wanted to present himself as a justice-loving ruler.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The purpose of the Zanjir-i-Adl was to provide the public direct access to the emperor for justice. It was an attempt by Jahangir to establish his image as a just ruler.
Question 114: Assertion (A): Aurangzeb achieved complete success in his Deccan policy. Reason (R): Bijapur and Golconda were annexed into the Mughal Empire.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Although Bijapur and Golconda were conquered, Maratha resistance continued, and the Deccan policy was not successful in the long run.
Question 115: Assertion (A): In the Mughal administration, the Subedar was the highest officer of a province. Reason (R): The Subedar possessed both military and administrative powers.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Since the Subedar held both administrative and military authority, he was considered the highest officer of the province.
Question 116: Assertion (A): In the Mughal Empire, all types of land were directly under state control. Reason (R): During the Mughal period, tax-free lands such as Madad-i-Maash and Suyurghal were also granted.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
During the Mughal period, some lands were granted tax-free to religious scholars, Sufis, or special individuals. Therefore, not all land was directly under state control. Hence, the Assertion is incorrect while the Reason is correct.
Question 117: Assertion (A): During Akbar’s reign, texts such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana were translated into Persian. Reason (R): Akbar was interested in understanding Indian cultural traditions and promoting harmony in the court.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Under Akbar’s policy of cultural synthesis, Sanskrit texts were translated into Persian so that understanding could develop among different cultural groups.
Question 118: Assertion (A): Mughal painting was not influenced by the Persian style. Reason (R): During his exile, Humayun brought Persian painters to India.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Mughal painting was clearly influenced by the Persian style. Humayun brought Persian artists to India, which helped develop this tradition.
Question 119: Assertion (A): Aurangzeb’s heavy expenditure on the Deccan campaigns increased pressure on the Mughal financial system. Reason (R): The prolonged wars in the Deccan increased revenue expenditure and weakened administrative control.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Continuous military campaigns placed a heavy burden on the imperial treasury and intensified the administrative crisis. Therefore, the Reason is the direct cause of the Assertion.
Question 120: Assertion (A): Akbar established friendly relations with the Rajputs solely for religious reasons. Reason (R): The military and territorial strength of the Rajputs was helpful in the expansion of the Mughal Empire.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Akbar’s Rajput policy was not based solely on religious tolerance; it also had political and strategic objectives. The Reason is correct.
Question 121: Assertion (A): During Shah Jahan’s reign, the Mughal Empire was economically prosperous. Reason (R): During this period, international trade and handicraft production increased.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The growth of trade, handicrafts, and agricultural production provided a strong foundation for the economic prosperity of Shah Jahan’s reign.
Question 122: Assertion (A): In the Mansabdari system, both ‘Zat’ and ‘Sawar’ had the same meaning. Reason (R): The ‘Zat’ rank was related to an individual’s personal status and salary.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
In the Mansabdari system, ‘Zat’ indicated the personal rank, status, and salary of a Mansabdar, whereas ‘Sawar’ referred to the number of cavalrymen he was required to maintain. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect while the Reason is correct.
Question 123: Assertion (A): During Jahangir’s reign, Nur Jahan’s political influence increased significantly. Reason (R): Nur Jahan had her name inscribed on coins and issued royal farmans.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Nur Jahan’s participation in coinage and royal farmans was direct evidence of her growing political influence. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 124: Assertion (A): During the Mughal period, the Jagirdari crisis became more severe during Aurangzeb’s reign. Reason (R): Due to the Deccan campaigns, a large number of new Mansabdars had to be assigned Jagirs.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The expansion of the Deccan campaigns increased the number of Mansabdars, but there was a shortage of suitable Jagirs. This led to the Jagirdari crisis.
Question 125: Assertion (A): Akbar’s policy of Sulh-i-Kul strengthened the administrative integration of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): Under Sulh-i-Kul, Akbar included various religious and social groups in the administration.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The policy of Sulh-i-Kul was based on religious tolerance, due to which the Mughals received the cooperation of different communities and administrative integration was strengthened.
Question 126: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Abul Fazl was a prominent historian in Akbar’s court.
Explanation:
Abul Fazl was a prominent scholar and historian in Akbar’s court. He composed the Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari. The other options are factually incorrect.
Question 127: During the Mughal period, the ‘Diwan-i-Am’ was used for what purpose?
Correct Answer:
C
— Hearing the grievances of the public
Explanation:
The Diwan-i-Am was the place where the Mughal emperor heard the grievances of the common people. In contrast, the Diwan-i-Khas was meant for high officials and distinguished persons. The Diwan-i-Am located in the Red Fort is especially famous.
Question 128: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
A
— Abdul Hamid Lahori — Padshahnama
Explanation:
Abdul Hamid Lahori was the author of Padshahnama. Baburnama was written by Babur, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri by Jahangir, and Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl.
Question 129: ‘Takht-i-Taus’ is associated with:
Correct Answer:
B
— Peacock Throne
Explanation:
‘Takht-i-Taus’ was the Persian name of the famous Peacock Throne built by Shah Jahan. It was adorned with precious gems and was taken to Persia by Nadir Shah in 1739 CE.
Question 130: Consider the statements: (1) Akbar emphasized land measurement in revenue administration. (2) In the Dahsala System, tax was assessed only on the basis of one year’s produce. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
In the Dahsala System developed by Raja Todar Mal, revenue assessment was based on the average produce and prices of the previous ten years. Therefore, the second statement is incorrect.
Question 131: Which of the following battles ensured the restoration of Mughal power in India?
Correct Answer:
D
— Second Battle of Panipat
Explanation:
After Hemu’s defeat in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 CE, Akbar’s authority was consolidated and Mughal rule was re-established in India.
Question 132: ‘Ruqaiya Begum’, ‘Mariam-uz-Zamani’, and ‘Nur Jahan’ were associated with:
Correct Answer:
C
— Mughal royal family
Explanation:
All these women were associated with the Mughal royal family. Mariam-uz-Zamani was Akbar’s Rajput wife, while Nur Jahan was Jahangir’s influential wife.
Question 133: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Architecture flourished during Shah Jahan’s reign.
Explanation:
Mughal architecture reached its zenith during Shah Jahan’s reign. The Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid are major achievements of this period. The other options are factually incorrect.
Question 134: The primary function of the ‘Mir Bakshi’ was:
Correct Answer:
C
— Military appointments and inspection
Explanation:
In Mughal administration, the Mir Bakshi was the chief military officer. He was responsible for military appointments, inspections, and maintaining records of Mansabdars.
Question 135: During the reign of which Mughal ruler did the influence of European painting become clearly visible?
Correct Answer:
C
— Jahangir
Explanation:
European artistic influence began during Akbar’s reign through Jesuit missionaries, but it became more clearly visible during Jahangir’s reign. Mughal paintings increasingly reflected perspective, shading, and realism.
Question 136: Which of the following elements was important in the context of the ‘Zabt System’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Measurement of land
Explanation:
Under the Zabt System, tax assessment was based on land measurement, average produce, and prices. This system was especially implemented in fertile regions. Raja Todar Mal made a significant contribution to it.
Question 137: Which Mughal ruler built ‘Fatehpur Sikri’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Akbar
Explanation:
Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar in honour of the Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti. It also served as the Mughal capital for a short period.
Question 138: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Qazi — Revenue collection
Explanation:
The duty of the Qazi was to settle judicial matters, not revenue collection. Revenue administration came under the Diwan.
Question 139: ‘Padshahnama’ is associated with the reign of which Mughal ruler?
Correct Answer:
B
— Shah Jahan
Explanation:
Padshahnama is the official history of Shah Jahan’s reign. It was written by Abdul Hamid Lahori. It describes Shah Jahan’s court, military campaigns, and architectural achievements.
Question 140: Consider the statements: (1) During the Mughal period, Jagirs were generally assigned in lieu of salary. (2) A Jagirdar became the permanent owner of that land. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
In Mughal administration, Jagirs were temporarily assigned to Mansabdars in lieu of salary. A Jagirdar only had the right to collect revenue and did not become the owner of the land. Akbar further systematized this arrangement.
Question 141: What was the main function of the ‘Diwan’?
Correct Answer:
D
— To manage revenue and financial administration
Explanation:
In Mughal administration, the Diwan was the chief officer of the revenue and finance department. He supervised income-expenditure, tax collection, and accounts administration.
Question 142: Which of the following statements about Babur is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— He was a descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan.
Explanation:
Babur was a descendant of Timur from his father’s side and Genghis Khan from his mother’s side. Therefore, he considered himself part of the legitimate Central Asian ruling tradition.
Question 143: During the reign of which ruler did the Mughal Empire attain its maximum territorial extent?
Correct Answer:
C
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
The Mughal Empire attained its maximum territorial extent during Aurangzeb’s reign, extending from Kabul in the northwest to the Deccan in the south, with Mughal influence reaching close to Thanjavur. However, excessive expansion also created serious administrative and financial pressures.
Question 144: For what purpose was the ‘Diwan-i-Khas’ used?
Correct Answer:
C
— Meeting high officials and distinguished guests
Explanation:
In the Mughal court, the Diwan-i-Khas was used for special royal meetings and discussions with high-ranking officials. In contrast, the Diwan-i-Am was meant for hearing the grievances of the common people. The Diwan-i-Khas of the Red Fort is especially famous.
Question 145: During the reign of which Mughal ruler was Sikh Guru Arjun Dev executed?
Correct Answer:
D
— Jahangir
Explanation:
Jahangir ordered the execution of Guru Arjun Dev in 1606 CE. Jahangir mentioned this event in his autobiography. After this incident, the militarization of the Sikh community accelerated.
Question 146: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
B
— Ustad Mansur — Naturalistic painting
Explanation:
Ustad Mansur was a famous painter during Jahangir’s reign, known for his detailed depictions of birds, animals, and nature. Tansen was a musician, whereas Abul Fazl was a historian.
Question 147: In the Mughal period, ‘Khalisa Land’ referred to:
Correct Answer:
C
— Land under direct imperial control
Explanation:
In Mughal administration, Khalisa land referred to the area whose revenue went directly to the imperial treasury. In contrast, Jagir land was assigned to Mansabdars in lieu of salary.
Question 148: Which of the following texts provides a detailed description of Akbar’s administrative system?
Correct Answer:
C
— Ain-i-Akbari
Explanation:
Ain-i-Akbari provides detailed information about Mughal administration, the army, taxation system, provinces, and court organization. It is the third part of the Akbarnama written by Abul Fazl.
Question 149: The ‘Battle of Haldighati’ was mainly fought between whom?
Correct Answer:
B
— Akbar and Rana Pratap
Explanation:
The Battle of Haldighati was fought in 1576 CE between Maharana Pratap of Mewar and the Mughal forces led by Raja Man Singh on behalf of Akbar. Although the battle remained inconclusive, it became a symbol of Rajput resistance.
Question 150: Consider the statements: (1) Akbar established friendly relations with the Rajputs. (2) All Rajput states accepted Mughal suzerainty without resistance. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Akbar strengthened the empire through matrimonial and political alliances with the Rajputs. However, rulers such as Rana Pratap of Mewar continued their resistance.
Question 151: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Akbar established matrimonial alliances with the Rajputs.
Explanation:
Akbar established matrimonial and political alliances with the Rajputs, which strengthened and stabilized the Mughal Empire. The other statements are factually incorrect.
Question 152: Which of the following persons was NOT a member of Akbar’s court?
Correct Answer:
D
— Malik Kafur
Explanation:
Malik Kafur was a general under Alauddin Khalji, whereas all the others were associated with Akbar’s court.
Question 153: Which of the following Mughal rulers has his tomb located in Kabul (Afghanistan)?
Correct Answer:
C
— Babur
Explanation:
Babur’s tomb is located in Kabul, Afghanistan, according to his wish. Humayun’s tomb is in Delhi, Akbar’s at Sikandra (Agra), while Jahangir’s tomb is in Lahore (Pakistan).
Question 154: The ‘Dahsala System’ was related to which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— Land revenue system
Explanation:
The Dahsala System was a method of land revenue assessment in which tax was fixed on the basis of the average produce and prices of the previous ten years. It was developed by Raja Todar Mal.
Question 155: Which of the following statements regarding the reign of Shah Jahan is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— His reign is regarded as the Golden Age of Mughal architecture.
Explanation:
Magnificent structures such as the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid were built during Shah Jahan’s reign; therefore, it is regarded as the Golden Age of Mughal architecture.
Question 156: During the reign of which Mughal ruler was the ‘Chain of Justice’ established?
Correct Answer:
B
— Jahangir
Explanation:
Jahangir established the ‘Zanjir-i-Adl’ (Chain of Justice) outside the Agra Fort so that any aggrieved person could directly seek justice from the emperor. It symbolized Jahangir’s emphasis on justice and accessibility of the ruler.
Question 157: What was the main objective of the ‘Ibadat Khana’ established by Akbar?
Correct Answer:
C
— Religious and philosophical discussions
Explanation:
Religious discussions among scholars of different faiths were held in the Ibadat Khana. Initially, only Muslim scholars participated, but later Hindu, Jain, Christian, and Parsi scholars were also invited.
Question 158: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Aurangzeb — Buland Darwaza
Explanation:
Buland Darwaza was built by Akbar to commemorate the Gujarat victory, not by Aurangzeb. The remaining pairs are correctly matched.
Question 159: ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ was written by whom?
Correct Answer:
B
— Mirza Haidar Dughlat
Explanation:
Tarikh-i-Rashidi was written by Mirza Haidar Dughlat. It provides information about Central Asia and the events of Humayun’s period.
Question 160: Consider the statements: (1) In the Mansabdari system, ‘Zat’ indicated the personal status of the officer. (2) ‘Sawar’ referred to the number of cavalry soldiers. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
In the Mughal Mansabdari system, ‘Zat’ indicated the rank, salary, and social status of the officer, while ‘Sawar’ denoted the number of cavalry soldiers under him. Akbar gave this system an organized structure.
Question 161: Assertion (A): During Aurangzeb’s reign, the influence of the Marathas was completely eliminated. Reason (R): Shivaji established an independent Maratha power against Mughal authority.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Aurangzeb could not completely eliminate the Marathas. The Maratha power established by Shivaji grew even stronger later. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect while the Reason is correct.
Question 162: Assertion (A): During the Mughal period, land revenue was generally assessed at about one-third of the produce. Reason (R): Shah Jahan introduced the Permanent Settlement system.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Under the Mughal revenue system, approximately one-third of the agricultural produce was generally collected as land revenue. However, the Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 during British rule, not by Shah Jahan. Therefore, the Reason is incorrect.
Question 163: Assertion (A): Akbar’s Rajput policy strengthened the stability of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): Akbar established matrimonial alliances with several Rajput princesses and granted high positions to Rajputs.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
By incorporating Rajputs into the administration and military and establishing matrimonial alliances, the Mughal Empire gained political support and stability.
Question 164: Assertion (A): Jagirdars in the Mughal administration possessed ownership of land. Reason (R): Jagirdars were granted the right to collect revenue from a specified area.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Jagirdars were not owners of land; they were only granted the right to collect revenue from a particular area. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect while the Reason is correct.
Question 165: Assertion (A): Mughal painting developed only during the reign of Shah Jahan. Reason (R): Jahangir himself was a patron of painting.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Mughal painting also developed during the reigns of Akbar and especially Jahangir. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, whereas the Reason is correct.
Question 166: Assertion (A): Din-i-Ilahi was a spiritual order initiated by Akbar. Reason (R): Akbar attempted to establish harmony among the principles of different religions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Akbar promoted the policy of Sulh-i-Kul and attempted to bring together the ethical teachings of different religions. Din-i-Ilahi was introduced as a spiritual and ethical order based on this idea of religious harmony. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 167: Assertion (A): During Aurangzeb’s reign, the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its territorial expansion. Reason (R): Aurangzeb conducted prolonged military campaigns against the Deccan states.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to campaigns against Deccan states such as Bijapur and Golconda, the Mughal Empire expanded further into the south and reached its maximum territorial extent.
Question 168: Assertion (A): During Jahangir’s reign, the English East India Company received trading privileges. Reason (R): Sir Thomas Roe came to Aurangzeb’s court as the ambassador of England.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The English received trading privileges during Jahangir’s reign, but Sir Thomas Roe came to Jahangir’s court, not Aurangzeb’s.
Question 169: Assertion (A): The land revenue system developed by Todar Mal was one of the major achievements of Mughal administration. Reason (R): In the Dahsala system, revenue was assessed on the basis of average produce and prices.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
In the Dahsala system, land revenue was fixed on the basis of the average produce and prices of ten years, which made the revenue system more systematic and stable. This was its major achievement.
Question 170: Assertion (A): The Mansabdari system introduced by Akbar helped in centralizing the Mughal administration. Reason (R): Mansabdars were appointed directly under the emperor and could be transferred.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Since the appointment and control of Mansabdars remained directly in the hands of the emperor, decentralization of provincial powers was limited and central authority was strengthened. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 171: Who was the provincial governor of a ‘Suba’ in Mughal administration?
Correct Answer:
D
— Subedar
Explanation:
In the Mughal administrative system, a province was called a ‘Suba’, and its governor was known as the Subedar (or Sipahsalar). He supervised military and administrative affairs, while the Diwan managed provincial revenue administration.
Question 172: ‘Nur Jahan’ was the wife of which Mughal ruler?
Correct Answer:
C
— Jahangir
Explanation:
Nur Jahan was the wife of Jahangir, and her original name was Mehr-un-Nisa. She played a significant role in administration and court politics. Coins were also issued in her name.
Question 173: Which of the following Mughal rulers was illiterate but is regarded as a patron of scholars?
Correct Answer:
C
— Akbar
Explanation:
Akbar was formally illiterate, yet he patronized scholars, artists, and translation projects. Persian translations of the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Upanishads were carried out during his reign.
Question 174: Who composed the ‘Akbarnama’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Abul Fazl
Explanation:
The Akbarnama was composed by Abul Fazl. It provides a detailed account of Akbar’s reign. Its third part is known as the ‘Ain-i-Akbari’.
Question 175: Which Mughal ruler annexed Bijapur and Golconda into the Mughal Empire?
Correct Answer:
D
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Under his Deccan policy, Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687) into the Mughal Empire. Although these campaigns expanded the empire, they placed immense pressure on economic and military resources.
Question 176: The development and extension of the ‘Grand Trunk Road’ is mainly associated with which ruler?
Correct Answer:
B
— Sher Shah Suri
Explanation:
Sher Shah Suri renovated and extended the Grand Trunk Road from Sonargaon in Bengal to the Indus region (present-day Pakistan). He also built sarais, wells, and planted trees along the route, greatly improving trade and communication.
Question 177: During the reign of which Mughal ruler did Mughal painting reach its zenith?
Correct Answer:
B
— Jahangir
Explanation:
Mughal painting is generally considered to have reached its zenith during Jahangir’s reign due to his keen interest in portraits, flora, fauna, and naturalistic art. Eminent painters such as Ustad Mansur flourished under his patronage.
Question 178: The ‘Mansabdari System’ was related to which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— Military and administrative organization
Explanation:
The Mansabdari System was the principal military-administrative system of Mughal administration, which was systematized by Akbar. Each Mansabdar was assigned rank and military responsibility based on ‘Zat’ and ‘Sawar’.
Question 179: Which Mughal ruler started the ‘Ilahi Samvat’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Akbar
Explanation:
Akbar introduced the ‘Ilahi Samvat’ in 1584 CE. It was based on the year of his accession to the throne. It was associated with administrative and revenue purposes.
Question 180: In which year was the Battle of Khanwa fought?
Correct Answer:
A
— 1527 CE
Explanation:
The Battle of Khanwa was fought in 1527 CE between Babur and Rana Sanga of Mewar. Babur’s victory consolidated Mughal authority in North India after Panipat. Before the battle, Babur invoked the idea of ‘Jihad’ to motivate his troops and strengthen military morale.
Question 181: During the reign of which Mughal ruler were the English granted permission to establish trading factories in India?
Correct Answer:
C
— Jahangir
Explanation:
During Jahangir’s reign, the English East India Company received permission to establish trading factories in India. Captain William Hawkins first approached Jahangir’s court for trading privileges, while Sir Thomas Roe (1615–1619 CE) later secured imperial support for English commercial activities, particularly at Surat.
Question 182: Where did Akbar establish the ‘Ibadat Khana’?
Correct Answer:
C
— Fatehpur Sikri
Explanation:
Akbar established the Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575 CE. Religious discussions among scholars of different faiths were held here. Later, these discussions contributed to the development of Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance.
Question 183: Which of the following monuments was NOT built by Shah Jahan?
Correct Answer:
D
— Buland Darwaza
Explanation:
Buland Darwaza was built by Akbar to commemorate the Gujarat victory. Whereas the Red Fort, Jama Masjid, and Taj Mahal are major architectural achievements of Shah Jahan.
Question 184: In which battle was Humayun decisively defeated by Sher Shah Suri?
Correct Answer:
D
— Battle of Kannauj (Bilgram)
Explanation:
In 1540 CE, Humayun suffered a decisive defeat against Sher Shah Suri in the Battle of Kannauj (also known as Bilgram), forcing him into exile. Earlier, Humayun had already been defeated at the Battle of Chausa (1539 CE), but Kannauj firmly established the Sur Empire in North India.
Question 185: Who was the chief architect of the land revenue system during Akbar’s reign?
Correct Answer:
C
— Raja Todar Mal
Explanation:
Raja Todar Mal systematized the ‘Zabt’ and ‘Dahsala System’ during Akbar’s reign. Tax assessment was based on land measurement, average produce, and prices. This system is considered one of the most significant achievements of Mughal administration.
Question 186: ‘Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri’ is the autobiography of whom?
Correct Answer:
B
— Jahangir
Explanation:
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri is the autobiography of Jahangir. It describes his reign, administration, love for nature, and judicial system. Jahangir had a special interest in painting and natural studies.
Question 187: Which Mughal ruler founded the ‘Din-i-Ilahi’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Akbar
Explanation:
Akbar founded Din-i-Ilahi in 1582 CE. Its objective was to synthesize the best principles of various religions. It was not a mass religion but remained confined to a limited courtly circle.
Question 188: Which of the following Mughal rulers was known as “Zinda Pir”?
Correct Answer:
D
— Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Aurangzeb was known as “Zinda Pir” because of his personal piety, austere lifestyle, and adherence to Islamic principles. During his reign, emphasis on Islamic law increased, and imperial patronage of music at the Mughal court declined, though musical traditions continued in regional courts.
Question 189: In which language did Babur write his autobiography?
Correct Answer:
C
— Turkish (Chagatai)
Explanation:
The Baburnama was written in the Chagatai Turkish language by Babur. Later, it was translated into Persian during Akbar’s reign under the patronage of Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana. This work is an important source for understanding Central Asia, Indian politics, geography, and Babur’s personality.
Question 190: The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India is associated with which battle?
Correct Answer:
B
— First Battle of Panipat
Explanation:
In 1526 CE, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat, after which the Mughal Empire was established in India. This battle is also famous for the use of artillery and modern warfare techniques.
Question 191: Assertion (A): Akbar defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat. Reason (R): The Second Battle of Panipat was fought in 1556 AD.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Akbar’s forces defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556. The Reason only states the date of the battle and does not explain the Assertion.
Question 192: Assertion (A): Persian was the official language of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): The mother tongue of the Mughal rulers was Turkish (Chagatai).
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Persian served as the official language of Mughal administration and culture due to the long-standing Persian influence in Central Asian and Islamic courts. The Mughal rulers’ native language was Chagatai Turkish, which is also correct. However, their mother tongue did not determine the adoption of Persian as the official language. Hence, the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion.
Question 193: Assertion (A): Abul Fazl was one of the Navratnas of Akbar. Reason (R): Abul Fazl composed the Akbarnama.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Abul Fazl was indeed one of the Navratnas in Akbar’s court, and he also authored the Akbarnama. However, merely composing the Akbarnama does not fully explain why he was included among the Navratnas. His position was due to his broader role as a scholar, administrator, political advisor, and close confidant of Akbar. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are correct, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Question 194: Assertion (A): The Mansabdari system was an important feature of Mughal administration. Reason (R): Mansabdars were generally paid through Jagirs.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Mansabdari system formed the backbone of Mughal civil and military administration under Akbar. Mansabdars were usually compensated through Jagirs instead of direct cash salaries. Although the Reason is factually correct, it only describes a feature of the system and does not fully explain why the Mansabdari system became an important administrative institution.
Question 195: Assertion (A): Aurangzeb reimposed the Jizya tax. Reason (R): Aurangzeb promoted Din-i-Ilahi.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Aurangzeb reimposed the Jizya tax, but Din-i-Ilahi was associated with Akbar. Therefore, the Reason is factually incorrect.
Question 196: Assertion (A): The reign of Shah Jahan is called the Golden Age of Mughal architecture. Reason (R): Magnificent structures like the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort were built during Shah Jahan’s reign.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
During Shah Jahan’s reign, architecture reached its peak, and monuments such as the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid were constructed. Hence, his reign is regarded as the Golden Age of architecture.
Question 197: Assertion (A): Jahangir made Fatehpur Sikri his capital. Reason (R): Mughal painting flourished during Jahangir’s reign.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Fatehpur Sikri was made the capital by Akbar, not Jahangir. However, Mughal painting witnessed remarkable growth during Jahangir’s reign.
Question 198: Assertion (A): Akbar abolished the Jizya tax. Reason (R): Akbar wanted to establish an orthodox Sunni Islamic state.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Akbar adopted the policy of religious tolerance and Sulh-i-Kul. He did not aim to establish an orthodox Sunni state. Therefore, the Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.
Question 199: Assertion (A): Humayun was forced to leave India after being defeated by Sher Shah Suri. Reason (R): Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to his defeats at Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540), Humayun was forced into exile from India. Hence, the Reason is the direct cause of the Assertion.
Question 200: Assertion (A): Babur established the Mughal Empire in India. Reason (R): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Babur’s defeat of Ibrahim Lodi brought an end to the Delhi Sultanate and paved the way for the establishment of Mughal rule in India. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.