Practice Constitutional Development MCQ for UPSC Prelims with important questions, PYQ, quiz and answers from Modern Indian History. Boost your preparation with exam-focused objective questions.
This quiz contains 170 carefully selected multiple-choice questions (MCQ) with detailed explanations for each answer. Questions cover important topics from History.
Practice this online test to check your preparation, improve conceptual clarity, and track your score with explanations. All questions are accompanied by correct answers and explanatory notes for effective self-study and revision.
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Constitutional Development MCQ for UPSC Prelims – PYQ, Important Questions & Quiz
Description
Practice Constitutional Development MCQ for UPSC Prelims with important questions, PYQ, quiz and answers from Modern Indian History. Boost your preparation with exam-focused objective questions.
Difficulty
Hard
Num Questions
170
Points Per Question
1
Time Limit
120 minutes
All MCQ Questions with Answers and Explanations
Question 1: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— 1919 introduced Provincial Dyarchy.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces. Company Rule ended in 1858, communal representation was introduced in 1909, and the 1935 Act did not make India independent.
Question 2: What is the combined assessment of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892)?
Correct Answer:
A
— They marked the beginning of limited political representation.
Explanation:
The Acts of 1861 and 1892 provided Indians with limited and controlled political representation in administration, rather than full authority.
Question 3: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
B
— It created India and Pakistan as independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted independent Dominion Status to India and Pakistan. India became a Republic in 1950.
Question 4: Which statement is correct regarding the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
D
— It provided for the establishment of the Federal Court.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of the Federal Court, which came into existence in 1937.
Question 5: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
A
— It granted provincial autonomy and proposed an All-India Federation.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed an All-India Federation, though the federation never came into existence. Dyarchy was abolished in the provinces but was introduced at the Centre.
Question 6: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
C
— It introduced Dyarchy in the provinces.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced Dyarchy only at the provincial level, dividing subjects into Reserved and Transferred categories.
Question 7: Which statement is correct regarding the 1909 Reforms (Morley-Minto Reforms)?
Correct Answer:
D
— It introduced communal representation.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1909 institutionalized communal representation by introducing separate electorates for Muslims.
Question 8: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced limited indirect elections and the right to discuss the budget.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced limited indirect elections and the right to discuss the budget, but not the right to vote on it.
Question 9: What was the most significant administrative contribution of the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
C
— Portfolio System in the Executive Council
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 introduced the Portfolio System, making departmental division of administrative work possible.
Question 10: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1858:
Correct Answer:
A
— It transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British Crown.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British Crown.
Question 11: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— 1935 → India was declared independent
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 did not declare India independent; it only provided for provincial autonomy and a federal structure.
Question 12: Choose the correct statement regarding the overall analysis of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892):
Correct Answer:
C
— Both provided limited and controlled representation.
Explanation:
The Acts of 1861 and 1892 provided Indians with limited and controlled political representation rather than real power.
Question 13: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
A
— It created India and Pakistan as independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted independent Dominion Status to India and Pakistan.
Question 14: Choose the correct statement about the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
D
— It provided for the establishment of the Federal Court.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of the Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
Question 15: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided for provincial autonomy and proposed an All-India Federation.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed an All-India Federation, though the federation was never implemented. Dyarchy was abolished in provinces but introduced at the Centre (though never implemented).
Question 16: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced Dyarchy in the provinces.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces.
Question 17: Which statement is correct regarding the 1909 Reforms (Morley-Minto Reforms)?
Correct Answer:
D
— It institutionalized communal representation.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1909 institutionalized communal representation by introducing separate electorates for Muslims.
Question 18: Choose the correct statement about the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
Correct Answer:
C
— It introduced limited indirect elections and the right to discuss the budget.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced indirect elections and granted limited rights to discuss the budget.
Question 19: What was the major feature of the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
B
— Portfolio System in the Executive Council
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 introduced the Portfolio System, leading to the departmental division of administrative work.
Question 20: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1858:
Correct Answer:
A
— It established the India Office and vested overall control over Indian administration in the Secretary of State for India.
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1858, the India Office was established in London and the Secretary of State for India was given overall control over Indian administration.
Question 21: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— 1919 introduced Provincial Dyarchy.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces by dividing subjects into Reserved and Transferred categories.
Question 22: Choose the correct statement regarding the overall impact of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892):
Correct Answer:
A
— They marked the beginning of limited political participation.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 provided Indians with limited opportunities for political participation in administration, while real power remained with the British.
Question 23: Choose the correct statement about the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
D
— It created India and Pakistan as independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted independent Dominion Status to India and Pakistan.
Question 24: Which of the following is correct regarding the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
B
— It provided for the establishment of the Federal Court.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of the Federal Court, which came into existence in 1937. Dyarchy was abolished in provinces but introduced at the Centre.
Question 25: Choose the correct statement about the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
A
— It introduced provincial autonomy.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and abolished Dyarchy at the provincial level.
Question 26: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
C
— It introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces by dividing subjects into Reserved and Transferred categories.
Question 27: Which statement is correct regarding the 1909 Reforms?
Correct Answer:
C
— It institutionalized communal representation.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1909 institutionalized communal representation through the system of separate electorates.
Question 28: Choose the correct statement about the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
Correct Answer:
B
— It provided for indirect elections and limited discussion rights.
Explanation:
The Act of 1892 introduced indirect elections and granted limited rights to discuss the budget, though actual legislative authority remained with the British administration.
Question 29: Which statement is correct regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
C
— It implemented the Portfolio System in the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 implemented the Portfolio System, ensuring the division of administrative work among departments.
Question 30: Choose the correct statements regarding the Government of India Act, 1858: (1) The administration of India came directly under the British Crown. (2) The Secretary of State for India was accountable to the British Parliament. (3) The Governor-General of India was also designated as the Viceroy.
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 transferred Indian administration to the British Crown. The Secretary of State became accountable to Parliament, and the Governor-General was also given the additional designation of Viceroy, representing the British Crown in India.
Question 31: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— 1935 → India was declared independent
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 did not declare India independent; it only introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure.
Question 32: Which is the correct analysis of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892)?
Correct Answer:
B
— Both provided limited representation and administrative cooperation.
Explanation:
The objective of the Acts of 1861 and 1892 was to provide Indians with limited representation and controlled participation in administration.
Question 33: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
A
— It created India and Pakistan as independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted independent Dominion Status to India and Pakistan and ended the supremacy of the British Parliament.
Question 34: Which statement is correct regarding the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided for the establishment of a Federal Court and an All-India Federation.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of the Federal Court (established in 1937) and proposed an All-India Federation, though the federation never came into existence. Dyarchy was abolished in provinces but introduced at the Centre.
Question 35: Choose the correct statement about the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
A
— It introduced provincial autonomy.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy in the provinces and abolished Dyarchy at the provincial level.
Question 36: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
A
— It introduced bicameralism at the Centre and Dyarchy in the provinces.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced bicameralism at the Centre and Dyarchy in the provinces. Provincial autonomy was introduced later under the Government of India Act, 1935.
Question 37: Which of the following is correct regarding the 1909 Reforms (Morley-Minto Reforms)?
Correct Answer:
D
— It institutionalized communal representation.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1909 institutionalized communal representation by introducing separate electorates for Muslims.
Question 38: Which of the following statements about the Indian Councils Act, 1892 is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided for limited indirect election and the right to discuss the budget.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced limited indirect election and granted the right to discuss the budget, though voting rights were not provided.
Question 39: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861:
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced the Portfolio System in the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 recognized and strengthened the Portfolio System in the Viceroy’s Executive Council, under which administrative work was divided among different departments. It also restored legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.
Question 40: Which of the following statements is correct with reference to the Government of India Act, 1858?
Correct Answer:
A
— The Secretary of State for India obtained overall control over Indian administration and was a member of the British Cabinet.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 vested extensive control over Indian administration in the Secretary of State for India. He was a member of the British Cabinet and was accountable to Parliament.
Question 41: What was the combined impact of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892)?
Correct Answer:
C
— Providing limited and controlled political participation
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 introduced limited Indian participation in governance and laid the foundation for representative institutions, though political participation remained restricted and controlled.
Question 42: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
D
— It made India and Pakistan independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted India and Pakistan the status of independent Dominions and ended the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament.
Question 43: Which of the following was provided under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— Establishment of the Federal Court
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of the Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
Question 44: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
A
— It proposed a federal structure, but it was not implemented.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 proposed an All-India Federation, but it could not be implemented because the Princely States did not join it. Dyarchy was abolished in the Provinces and proposed at the Centre.
Question 45: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced Dyarchy in the Provinces.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced Dyarchy in the Provinces.
Question 46: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)?
Correct Answer:
C
— It promoted communal representation.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) introduced separate electorates for Muslims, thereby promoting communal representation.
Question 47: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
Correct Answer:
D
— It introduced limited indirect elections and the right to discuss the budget.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced the principle of indirect election in a limited form and granted members the right to discuss the budget, though not to vote on it.
Question 48: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861:
Correct Answer:
B
— It gave statutory recognition to the Portfolio (Departmental) System.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 gave statutory recognition to the Portfolio (Departmental) System, enabling systematic division of administrative work among departments.
Question 49: Choose the correct statements regarding the Government of India Act, 1858: (1) The Secretary of State for India was made responsible to Parliament through the British Cabinet. (2) Indian members were included in the Viceroy’s Executive Council. (3) The administration of India came under the direct control of the British Crown.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 transferred the administration of India from the East India Company to the British Crown and created the office of the Secretary of State for India. Indian members were included in the Viceroy’s Executive Council at a later stage.
Question 50: Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— 1919 → Federal Structure
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the Provinces. The proposal for a federal structure was made later under the Government of India Act, 1935.
Question 51: What was the overall objective of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892)?
Correct Answer:
C
— To provide limited participation in administration
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 aimed to provide Indians with limited and controlled participation in administration rather than transferring real power.
Question 52: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947?
Correct Answer:
B
— It made India and Pakistan independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted India and Pakistan independent Dominion Status. India became a Republic in 1950.
Question 53: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided for the establishment of the Federal Court and the Reserve Bank of India.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for institutions such as the Federal Court (established in 1937) and supported the functioning of the Reserve Bank of India, which began operations in 1935 under the RBI Act, 1934. Dyarchy was abolished only in the Provinces and proposed at the Centre.
Question 54: Which of the following provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Provincial Autonomy was introduced and a federal structure was proposed.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced Provincial Autonomy and proposed an All-India Federation, though the federal scheme was never implemented.
Question 55: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
A
— It introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level, while the system of separate electorates continued.
Question 56: What was the most significant political impact of the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)?
Correct Answer:
C
— Beginning of Communal Politics
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) institutionalized communal politics by introducing separate electorates for Muslims.
Question 57: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced limited indirect elections and the right to discuss the budget.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced the principle of indirect election in a limited form and granted members the right to discuss the budget, though not to vote on it.
Question 58: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided for the nomination of non-official members to the Governor-General’s Legislative Council.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 provided for the nomination of non-official members, including Indians, to the Governor-General’s Legislative Council.
Question 59: Choose the correct statements regarding the Government of India Act, 1858: (1) The Secretary of State for India was given extensive control over Indian administration. (2) The Viceroy became the representative of the British Crown. (3) The commercial activities of the East India Company continued.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1858, the Secretary of State for India exercised extensive control over Indian administration, and the Governor-General became the Viceroy, representing the British Crown. The commercial activities of the East India Company had already ended under the Charter Act of 1833.
Question 60: What was the similarity between the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) and the Government of India Act, 1919?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both increased Indian participation but kept real power limited.
Explanation:
Both the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) and the Government of India Act, 1919 increased Indian participation in governance, but effective power remained under British control.
Question 61: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892):
Correct Answer:
D
— Both Acts provided limited representation to Indians.
Explanation:
Both the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 provided Indians with limited and controlled political representation rather than full democratic rights.
Question 62: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
C
— It ended the supremacy of the British Parliament.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament and granted India and Pakistan the status of independent Dominions. India became a Republic on 26 January 1950.
Question 63: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
B
— It provided for an All-India Federation, but it could not be implemented.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 proposed an All-India Federation, but it could not be implemented because the Princely States did not join it.
Question 64: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1919:
Correct Answer:
C
— It introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level, under which provincial subjects were divided into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ categories.
Question 65: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)?
Correct Answer:
D
— It expanded the Legislative Councils and increased the number of non-official members.
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) expanded both the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils and increased the number of non-official members. However, real executive power remained with the British government.
Question 66: What was a major feature of the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
B
— Statutory recognition of the Portfolio (Departmental) System
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 gave statutory recognition to the Portfolio (Departmental) System introduced by Lord Canning, making the division of administrative work more systematic.
Question 67: Which of the following statements are correct regarding the Government of India Act, 1858? (1) The administration of India came directly under the British Crown. (2) The administrative rule of the East India Company came to an end. (3) The Secretary of State for India was a member of the British Cabinet.
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1858, the administration of India came directly under the British Crown, the rule of the East India Company ended, and the office of the Secretary of State for India was created as a member of the British Cabinet. Therefore, all three statements are correct.
Question 68: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
C
— India and Pakistan became two independent Dominions.
Explanation:
Under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, India and Pakistan became two independent Dominions. India became a Republic only on 26 January 1950.
Question 69: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1858:
Correct Answer:
A
— The rule of the East India Company came to an end.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 ended the rule of the East India Company and transferred the administration of India directly to the British Crown.
Question 70: Which of the following is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
B
— 1909 → Communal Representation
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims, thereby initiating communal representation.
Question 71: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1892?
Correct Answer:
D
— It introduced the principle of indirect election and granted limited rights of discussion.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced the principle of indirect election and granted members the right to discuss the budget and ask questions. However, supplementary questions were not permitted.
Question 72: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
C
— It ended the supremacy of the British Parliament and created India and Pakistan as independent Dominions.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament over India and created India and Pakistan as independent Dominions. India became a Republic in 1950.
Question 73: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided for the establishment of a Federal Court.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937 to adjudicate disputes between the Centre and Provinces.
Question 74: Choose the correct statement regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
D
— It provided for Provincial Autonomy.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced Provincial Autonomy. Although it proposed an All-India Federation, the scheme was never implemented.
Question 75: Identify the correct statement regarding the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919):
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the Provinces, under which provincial subjects were divided into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ categories.
Question 76: Which statement is correct regarding the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)?
Correct Answer:
C
— It introduced separate electorates for Muslims at both the Central and Provincial levels.
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims at both Central and Provincial Legislative Councils, institutionalizing communal representation.
Question 77: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861:
Correct Answer:
A
— It provided for the reorganization/expansion of Legislative Councils at the provincial level.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 restored limited legislative powers to Bombay and Madras and provided for the expansion of Legislative Councils in Provinces.
Question 78: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Acts:
Correct Answer:
B
— A limited right to discuss the budget was granted in 1892.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 granted council members the limited right to discuss the budget. Dyarchy was introduced later in 1919, while complete independence came in 1947.
Question 79: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947?
Correct Answer:
D
— British rule ended and two Dominions, India and Pakistan, were created.
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended British rule in India and created two independent Dominions—India and Pakistan. India became a Republic on 26 January 1950.
Question 80: Choose the correct statement regarding the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935:
Correct Answer:
B
— It provided for both the Federal Court and the RBI.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of institutions such as the Federal Court and supported the functioning of the Reserve Bank of India. The Federal Court was established in 1937, while the RBI began functioning in 1935 under the RBI Act, 1934.
Question 81: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
A
— It provided for Provincial Autonomy.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 granted Provincial Autonomy. Dyarchy was abolished only in the Provinces, while it was proposed at the Centre, though never implemented.
Question 82: Which major arrangement was introduced under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
B
— Provincial Autonomy
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 abolished Dyarchy in the Provinces and introduced Provincial Autonomy. However, responsible government at the Centre was not fully established.
Question 83: Choose the correct statement regarding the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919):
Correct Answer:
D
— Dyarchy was introduced at the provincial level.
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy at the provincial level, under which subjects were divided into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ categories.
Question 84: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)?
Correct Answer:
C
— It introduced communal representation (separate electorates).
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims, thereby initiating communal representation in India.
Question 85: Identify the correct statement about the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
Correct Answer:
B
— It introduced the principle of indirect election and granted the right of limited discussion.
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced the principle of indirect election through recommendations and granted members limited rights to discuss the budget and ask questions.
Question 86: Choose the correct statements regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861: (1) It granted the Viceroy the power to issue Ordinances. (2) It allowed the nomination of Indians to the Legislative Council. (3) It provided for Provincial Autonomy.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 granted the Viceroy the power to issue Ordinances during emergencies and allowed the nomination of Indians to Legislative Councils. However, Provincial Autonomy was introduced later under the Government of India Act, 1935.
Question 87: Which institution was provided statutory recognition under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
A
— Reserve Bank of India
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935, provided the statutory framework for the functioning of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which had already been established in 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
Question 88: What special power was granted to the Governor-General under the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
C
— Power to issue ordinances during emergencies
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861, empowered the Governor-General to promulgate ordinances during emergencies without the approval of the Legislative Council. Such ordinances remained valid for a limited period.
Question 89: Who was the last Viceroy of India?
Correct Answer:
B
— Lord Mountbatten
Explanation:
Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India and held the office at the time of India’s independence in 1947. After independence, he also became the first Governor-General of independent India.
Question 90: Which institution was provided for under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— Federal Court
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935, provided for the establishment of the Federal Court, which was set up in 1937. It was an important institution for resolving disputes between the Centre and the Provinces.
Question 91: What was a major provision of the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— Provincial Autonomy
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935, abolished Dyarchy in the Provinces and introduced Provincial Autonomy. Although Dyarchy was proposed at the Centre, it could not be implemented in practice.
Question 92: Which of the following was included under the “Reserved Subjects” in the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)?
Correct Answer:
A
— Law and Order
Explanation:
Under the Dyarchy introduced by the Act of 1919, subjects such as Law and Order, Police, and Finance were classified as ‘Reserved Subjects’ and remained under the control of the Governor and his Executive Council. Education, Health, and Local Self-Government were ‘Transferred Subjects’.
Question 93: What was a major outcome of the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)?
Correct Answer:
D
— Separate electorates for Muslims were introduced
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims, marking the beginning of communal representation.
Question 94: What was permitted under the Indian Councils Act, 1892?
Correct Answer:
B
— Limited right to discuss the budget
Explanation:
Under the Indian Councils Act, 1892, members of the councils were granted the limited right to discuss the budget and ask questions, though they were not given the right to vote on the budget.
Question 95: What was the major feature of the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
C
— Nomination of Indians to Legislative Councils
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861, allowed the nomination of Indians to the Viceroy’s Legislative Council, marking the beginning of limited Indian participation in governance.
Question 96: Which new office was created under the Government of India Act, 1858?
Correct Answer:
A
— Secretary of State for India
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858, created the office of the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British Cabinet, who exercised supreme control over Indian administration with the assistance of the Council of India.
Question 97: What was the main objective of the Indian Councils Acts (1861 and 1892)?
Correct Answer:
A
— To provide limited representation to Indians in administration
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 aimed to provide Indians with limited and controlled participation in administration and the legislative process, rather than establishing democratic governance.
Question 98: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Correct Answer:
D
— India and Pakistan became two Dominions
Explanation:
Under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, India and Pakistan became two independent Dominions, and the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament came to an end.
Question 99: Why are the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) considered historically significant?
Correct Answer:
B
— Because they introduced the separate electorate system
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims for the first time, marking the beginning of communal representation. Note that the term “Communal Award” refers to Ramsay MacDonald’s decision of 1932, not to the reforms of 1909.
Question 100: Which of the following institutions was provided for under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— Reserve Bank of India and Federal Court
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935, provided the statutory basis for institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India and the Federal Court. The Federal Court was established in 1937.
Question 101: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Government of India Act, 1858?
Correct Answer:
A
— The administration of India was transferred to the British Crown
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1858, the rule of the East India Company ended and the administration of India was transferred directly to the British Crown. This marked the beginning of Crown Rule in India.
Question 102: How were subjects divided under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)?
Correct Answer:
D
— Reserved and Transferred
Explanation:
Under the Act of 1919, provincial subjects were divided into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ categories. Reserved subjects remained under the Governor’s control, while Transferred subjects were entrusted to Indian Ministers.
Question 103: Choose the correct statement regarding the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909):
Correct Answer:
C
— It provided separate electorates for Muslims
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims, marking the beginning of communal representation.
Question 104: What was the major feature of the Indian Councils Act, 1892?
Correct Answer:
B
— Indirect elections and expansion of councils
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892, expanded the councils and introduced the element of indirect elections. It also granted members the limited right to discuss the budget.
Question 105: Choose the correct statement regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1861:
Correct Answer:
A
— It initiated limited inclusion of Indians in legislative functions
Explanation:
Under the Indian Councils Act, 1861, some Indians were nominated to the Legislative Council of the Governor-General for the first time. However, their participation was limited and largely nominal.
Question 106: Under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, upon whom was the task of constitution-making entrusted?
Correct Answer:
B
— Constituent Assembly
Explanation:
Under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the task of framing the Constitution was entrusted to the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Assembly possessed both legislative and constituent powers.
Question 107: According to the Indian Independence Act, 1947, what arrangement was made in India?
Correct Answer:
B
— Two Dominions—India and Pakistan
Explanation:
Under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, two independent Dominions—India and Pakistan—were created, and British supremacy came to an end.
Question 108: Which system was abolished by the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— Dyarchy
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935, abolished Dyarchy at the provincial level and introduced Provincial Autonomy. However, a provision for Dyarchy at the Centre was retained, though it was never implemented.
Question 109: What was the principal objective of the Government of India Act, 1935?
Correct Answer:
C
— Establishment of an All-India Federation
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935, proposed an All-India Federation consisting of British Indian Provinces and Princely States. However, the federation could not be implemented because the princely states did not join.
Question 110: Which system was introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919?
Correct Answer:
B
— Dyarchy
Explanation:
Under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, Dyarchy was introduced at the provincial level, under which subjects were divided into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ categories.
Question 111: The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) are famous for which reason?
Correct Answer:
A
— Separate electorate system
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) are known for introducing the separate electorate system for Muslims. It is regarded as the beginning of communal representation.
Question 112: Which electoral element was introduced under the Indian Councils Act, 1892?
Correct Answer:
B
— Indirect election system
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892, introduced a limited and indirect electoral element through nomination based on recommendations by bodies such as municipalities and universities. However, the term “election” was not officially used in the Act.
Question 113: What was the primary objective of the Indian Councils Act, 1861?
Correct Answer:
B
— To expand the Legislative Councils
Explanation:
The primary objective of the Indian Councils Act, 1861, was to expand the Legislative Council of the Governor-General and ensure limited participation of Indians in administration. The Act also marked a step towards legislative decentralization.
Question 114: The office of the Viceroy in India was formally established after which Act?
Correct Answer:
B
— Government of India Act, 1858
Explanation:
Following the Government of India Act, 1858, the Governor-General of India also became the representative of the British Crown and came to be known as the “Viceroy.” Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.
Question 115: Under the Government of India Act, 1858, to whom was the administration of India transferred?
Correct Answer:
A
— From the East India Company to the British Crown
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1858, the rule of the East India Company was abolished and the administration of India was placed directly under the British Crown. This marked the beginning of Crown Rule in India.
Question 116: Assertion (A): The primary objective of the constitutional reforms during the British period was not to grant immediate full self-government to Indians. Reason (R): In most reforms, real power remained secured under the control of the British Executive.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
British constitutional reforms introduced gradual and limited political participation while retaining effective executive control in British hands. Therefore, immediate full self-government was not the primary objective. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 117: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 was completely rejected by the Indian Constituent Assembly. Reason (R): The Constitution-makers adopted many of its administrative provisions in a modified form.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 was not completely rejected. Several of its provisions relating to administration, federalism, emergency powers, and public services influenced the Constitution in modified form. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 118: Assertion (A): The constitutional reforms of 1909 and 1919 expanded political representation, but democratic control over the Executive remained limited. Reason (R): British policy was aimed at maintaining administrative control through gradual reforms.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The reforms of 1909 and 1919 expanded legislative participation but retained executive dominance. British policy aimed at gradual constitutional change while preserving effective administrative control. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 119: Assertion (A): After the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the Governor-General continued to function as an agent of the British Government. Reason (R): The Governor-General was appointed by the British Monarch.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
After Independence, the Governor-General functioned as the constitutional head of the Dominion of India on the advice of the Indian government, not as an agent of the British Government. However, formal appointment was made in the name of the British Monarch. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 120: Assertion (A): The Indian Independence Act, 1947 provided the legal basis for the sovereignty of the Indian Constituent Assembly. Reason (R): The Constituent Assembly could now frame the Constitution without the approval of the British Parliament.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended British parliamentary supremacy over India and empowered the Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution independently. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 121: Assertion (A): Provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act, 1935 meant complete constitutional independence. Reason (R): Governors were vested with special responsibilities and discretionary powers.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act, 1935 was limited rather than complete, because Governors retained extensive discretionary powers and special responsibilities. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 122: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 profoundly influenced the administrative framework of Indian federalism. Reason (R): The concept of a threefold distribution of powers was developed under this Act.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced a threefold distribution of legislative powers through the Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent Lists. This framework significantly influenced the federal structure adopted in the Indian Constitution. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 123: Assertion (A): The federal scheme under the Government of India Act, 1935 could not be fully implemented because the Congress opposed it. Reason (R): The required consent of the Princely States for the establishment of the Federation could not be obtained.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The All-India Federation proposed under the Government of India Act, 1935 failed mainly because the required number of Princely States did not join the Federation. Congress opposition was not the principal reason. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 124: Assertion (A): Under the Act of 1919, the powers of the Central Legislature were increased, yet real sovereignty remained with the Executive. Reason (R): The Governor-General possessed the power to promulgate ordinances and to veto or reserve bills.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Although the powers and composition of the Central Legislature were expanded under the Government of India Act, 1919, the Governor-General retained overriding powers such as ordinance-making, veto, and reservation of bills, ensuring executive supremacy. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 125: Assertion (A): The Dyarchy introduced at the provincial level under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 was an example of the British policy of controlled political liberalization. Reason (R): Important administrative subjects remained reserved under the control of the Governor and his officials.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Dyarchy introduced limited Indian participation while retaining key subjects like police, finance, and law and order under British control. This reflected a policy of controlled political liberalization. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 126: Assertion (A): The system of separate electorates posed a long-term challenge to the unity of the Indian National Movement. Reason (R): Separate electorates linked political representation with religious identity.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Separate electorates institutionalized religious identity in politics and encouraged communal divisions, thereby weakening the unity of the national movement. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 127: Assertion (A): The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 brought about a decisive change toward the establishment of responsible government in India. Reason (R): The Central Executive had become responsible to the Legislature.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is incorrect, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 did not establish responsible government in India; they only expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates. Moreover, the Central Executive did not become responsible to the Legislature. Therefore, both the Assertion and the Reason are incorrect.
Question 128: Assertion (A): The introduction of the electoral element under the Indian Councils Act, 1892 indirectly enhanced the role of Indian political organizations. Reason (R): Certain bodies were given the authority to recommend members to the Councils.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced an indirect electoral element by allowing municipalities, district boards, universities, and chambers of commerce to recommend members to legislative councils. This indirectly enhanced the role of political organizations. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 129: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1861 brought about the real democratization of Indian participation in the legislative process. Reason (R): The Indian members included in the Council were primarily nominated and possessed limited powers.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 did not establish real democratization. Indian participation remained limited, nominated, and advisory in character. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 130: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1858 made administrative responsibility in India more directly accountable to the British Parliament. Reason (R): The dual system of the Court of Directors and the Board of Control of the East India Company was abolished.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred authority to the British Crown, thereby making Indian administration more directly accountable to the British Parliament. Although the dual system of the Court of Directors and the Board of Control was abolished, this was an institutional change and not the direct explanation of parliamentary accountability.
Question 131: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 became an important foundation for the development of the federal structure of the Indian Constitution. Reason (R): The concepts of a federal judiciary and a distribution of powers through legislative lists in the Indian Constitution were influenced by this Act.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 significantly influenced the constitutional structure of independent India. Features such as the federal judiciary, legislative lists, provincial autonomy, and administrative framework were derived from or influenced by this Act. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 132: Assertion (A): Under the Act of 1919, the Central Executive was not responsible to the Legislature. Reason (R): The Governor-General possessed extensive discretionary powers.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1919, responsible government was introduced only in the provinces, not at the Centre. The Governor-General retained extensive discretionary and overriding powers, which prevented the Central Executive from being responsible to the Legislature. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 133: Assertion (A): The Reforms of 1909 provided a formal political basis for the concept of communal representation. Reason (R): The British Government partially accepted the political demands of the Muslim League.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims, thereby institutionalizing communal representation. This was done partly in response to the political demands of the Muslim League. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 134: Assertion (A): The Indian Independence Act, 1947 established a fully republican form of government in India. Reason (R): India initially remained under Dominion Status.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
India did not become a republic immediately after Independence in 1947. It initially functioned as a Dominion under the British Crown and became a Republic only on 26 January 1950. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 135: Assertion (A): The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted the Constituent Assembly the status of a sovereign legislative body. Reason (R): The Constituent Assembly could enact laws free from the control of the British Parliament.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament over India. As a result, the Constituent Assembly acquired sovereign legislative authority and could enact laws independently. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 136: Assertion (A): Under the Government of India Act, 1935, Burma was separated from India. Reason (R): The British administration wanted to manage Burma under a separate administrative framework.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1935, Burma was separated from India and became a separate colony in 1937. The British administration intended to govern Burma separately for administrative convenience. However, this was not the sole or direct constitutional reason behind the provision in the Act. Therefore, both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Question 137: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 granted residuary powers to the Provinces. Reason (R): The Act attempted to strengthen provincial autonomy.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1935, residuary powers were vested in the Governor-General, not in the Provinces. However, provincial autonomy was indeed one of the major features of the Act. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 138: Assertion (A): The proposed All-India Federation under the Government of India Act, 1935 could not be implemented in practice. Reason (R): The Princely States did not show the required willingness to join the Federation.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The federal scheme under the Government of India Act, 1935 failed because the required number of Princely States did not accede to the Federation. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 139: Assertion (A): After the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, franchise was based on universal adult suffrage. Reason (R): Franchise was based on qualifications such as property, education, and payment of taxes.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Universal adult suffrage was not introduced under the Government of India Act, 1919. Voting rights were restricted and based on qualifications such as property ownership, education, income, and tax payments. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 140: Assertion (A): Under the Act of 1919, the system of Dyarchy in the provinces suffered from administrative complexities. Reason (R): There was a lack of clear coordination between Reserved and Transferred subjects.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The system of Dyarchy created an artificial division between Reserved and Transferred subjects, leading to coordination problems and administrative inefficiency. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 141: Assertion (A): The Morley-Minto Reforms abolished the official majority in the Central Legislature. Reason (R): The number of non-official members in the Provincial Councils was increased.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) did not abolish the official majority in the Central Legislature; it continued there. However, in Provincial Legislative Councils, the number of non-official members was increased. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 142: Assertion (A): One of the objectives of the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 was to satisfy the moderate section of the Indian National Congress. Reason (R): The British Government wanted to control revolutionary activities and political discontent.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
One objective of the Morley-Minto Reforms was to accommodate moderate political opinion within the Congress. Simultaneously, the British Government sought to contain revolutionary nationalism and political unrest. However, the Reason does not directly explain the specific objective mentioned in the Assertion.
Question 143: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1892 formally recognized the principle of election. Reason (R): The term ‘election’ was explicitly used in the Act.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced an indirect electoral element and thereby recognized the principle of election. However, the word ‘election’ was deliberately not used in the Act. Therefore, the Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.
Question 144: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1861 marked an initial step toward the development of representative institutions in India. Reason (R): Under this Act, Indians were nominated to the Legislative Council for the first time.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 introduced Indians into the legislative process through nomination to the Legislative Council for the first time. This marked an initial move toward representative institutions in India. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 145: Assertion (A): After the Government of India Act, 1858, the Governor-General also came to be known as the Viceroy. Reason (R): The Viceroy functioned as the direct representative of the British Crown.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
After the Government of India Act, 1858, India came under the direct control of the British Crown. Consequently, the Governor-General also functioned as the Crown’s representative and came to be known as the Viceroy. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 146: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1861 gave statutory recognition to the Portfolio System. Reason (R): Lord Canning attempted to make the division of administrative work more systematic.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 gave statutory recognition to the Portfolio System. Lord Canning had introduced this arrangement to ensure a systematic distribution of administrative work among members of the Executive Council. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 147: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 is not considered a direct source of the Indian Constitution. Reason (R): The federal structure and administrative provisions of the Constitution of independent India were influenced by it.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 is considered one of the most important sources of the Indian Constitution. Several administrative, federal, and constitutional provisions were adopted or influenced by it. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 148: Assertion (A): After the Indian Independence Act, 1947, British Paramountcy over the Princely States lapsed. Reason (R): The Princely States were given the option to accede to India or Pakistan, or remain independent.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
With the lapse of British Paramountcy under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the princely states were free to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 149: Assertion (A): The Indian Independence Act, 1947 retained the British Monarch as the direct ruler of India. Reason (R): The Governor-General was made the constitutional head of the Dominion.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended British rule in India, and the British Monarch ceased to be the direct ruler. India became an independent Dominion, where the Governor-General acted as the constitutional head and representative of the Crown.
Question 150: Assertion (A): The Federal Court was established in 1937 under the Government of India Act, 1935. Reason (R): Its objective was to adjudicate disputes between the Centre and the Provinces.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of the Federal Court, which came into existence in 1937. One of its main objectives was to adjudicate constitutional disputes between the Centre and Provinces. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 151: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for a Federal List, a Provincial List, and a Concurrent List. Reason (R): This arrangement was in accordance with the requirements of a federal system of government.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 divided powers through the Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent Lists to facilitate a federal structure of governance. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 152: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 further expanded responsible government in the provinces. Reason (R): Provincial Councils of Ministers were made responsible to the legislatures.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and made the Council of Ministers responsible to the provincial legislatures. This significantly expanded responsible government in the provinces. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 153: Assertion (A): Under the Act of 1919, ‘Reserved’ subjects were under the control of the Governor and his Executive Council. Reason (R): Education and Local Self-Government were included among the Reserved subjects.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Under the Government of India Act, 1919, reserved subjects were administered by the Governor and his Executive Council. However, Education and Local Self-Government were ‘Transferred Subjects’, not reserved subjects.
Question 154: Assertion (A): The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 established a bicameral legislature at the Centre. Reason (R): The Council of State functioned as the Upper House.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced bicameralism at the Centre by establishing two houses: the Council of State (Upper House) and the Central Legislative Assembly (Lower House). Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 155: Assertion (A): The Montagu Declaration of 1917 promised the gradual development of responsible government in India. Reason (R): The Government of India Act, 1919 was introduced on the basis of this declaration.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Montagu Declaration of 1917 promised the gradual development of responsible government in India. The Government of India Act, 1919 was indeed enacted based on this declaration. However, the Reason does not directly explain the promise itself; rather, it describes a later consequence of the declaration.
Question 156: Assertion (A): After the Morley-Minto Reforms, Indians were included in the Viceroy’s Executive Council for the first time. Reason (R): The British Government wanted to reduce Indian political discontent and moderate political pressure.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Following the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, Satyendra Prasanna Sinha became the first Indian member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council. This inclusion was intended to accommodate moderate political demands and reduce growing political discontent. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 157: Assertion (A): The system of separate electorates introduced under the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 provided an institutional basis for communal politics. Reason (R): The system of separate electorates was confined only to the Provincial Councils.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims, which institutionalized communal representation and strengthened communal politics. However, the system was not confined only to Provincial Councils; it also extended to the Central Legislature.
Question 158: Assertion (A): Under the Indian Councils Act, 1892, members were given the right to ask supplementary questions. Reason (R): The objective of the Act was to make the discussion process in the councils relatively more open.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 allowed members to ask questions on public matters subject to certain conditions, but supplementary questions were not permitted. However, the Act did attempt to widen discussion in legislative councils to a limited extent. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 159: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1861 promoted the process of legislative decentralization. Reason (R): Limited legislative powers were restored to Bombay and Madras.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 promoted legislative decentralization by restoring limited legislative powers to Bombay and Madras. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 160: Assertion (A): The office of the Secretary of State for India was created under the Government of India Act, 1858. Reason (R): The Secretary of State was assisted by the Council of India.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1858 created the office of the Secretary of State for India and also established the Council of India to assist him. However, the assistance of the Council was not the reason for the creation of the office; it was merely an associated institutional arrangement.
Question 161: Assertion (A): The Constitution of India came into force immediately after the Indian Independence Act, 1947. Reason (R): The Constituent Assembly was empowered to function as a legislature.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Constitution of India did not come into force immediately after the Indian Independence Act, 1947; it came into effect on 26 January 1950. However, the Constituent Assembly was empowered to function as a temporary legislature in addition to framing the Constitution.
Question 162: Assertion (A): The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted India and Pakistan the status of independent Dominions. Reason (R): After this Act, the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament over India came to an end.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 granted India and Pakistan the status of independent Dominions and ended the legislative supremacy of the British Parliament over them. Since legislative independence was an essential aspect of Dominion status under the Act, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 163: Assertion (A): Dyarchy was successfully implemented at the Centre under the Government of India Act, 1935. Reason (R): Provincial autonomy was one of the major features of this Act.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 proposed Dyarchy at the Centre, but it was never implemented because the proposed federation did not come into existence. However, provincial autonomy was indeed one of the major features of the Act.
Question 164: Assertion (A): The Government of India Act, 1935 envisaged a federal structure. Reason (R): A Federal Court was established under this Act.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1935 envisaged an All-India Federation consisting of British Indian provinces and princely states. The Act also provided for the establishment of a Federal Court (set up in 1937). However, the establishment of the Federal Court was a separate constitutional feature and not the reason for envisaging a federal structure.
Question 165: Assertion (A): The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces. Reason (R): Under this system, all subjects were transferred to elected Indian ministers.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces, under which subjects were divided into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ categories. Only transferred subjects were administered by Indian ministers; reserved subjects remained under the Governor and executive council.
Question 166: Assertion (A): After the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, the number of non-official members in the Central Legislature increased. Reason (R): The British Government wanted to provide Indians with limited participation in administration.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 expanded the legislative councils and increased the number of non-official as well as Indian members. The British Government intended to provide Indians with limited participation in administration and politics. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 167: Assertion (A): The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 established provincial autonomy in India. Reason (R): Under this Act, separate electorates were introduced for Muslims.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 did not establish provincial autonomy. Provincial autonomy was introduced later under the Government of India Act, 1935. However, the Morley-Minto Reforms did introduce separate electorates for Muslims.
Question 168: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced the element of indirect election. Reason (R): This Act granted members a limited right to discuss the budget.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 introduced an indirect electoral element through recommendations by local bodies and also granted members a limited right to discuss the budget. However, the budget discussion provision was not the reason for introducing the electoral element.
Question 169: Assertion (A): The Indian Councils Act, 1861 allowed the inclusion of additional members in the Viceroy’s Executive Council for legislative purposes. Reason (R): This Act established complete responsible government in India.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Indian Councils Act, 1861 enlarged the Viceroy’s Legislative Council by allowing the nomination of additional members for legislative purposes. However, the Act did not establish responsible government in India.
Question 170: Assertion (A): After the Government of India Act, 1858, Company rule in India was abolished. Reason (R): After the Revolt of 1857, the British Parliament placed the administration of India directly under the Crown.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
After the Revolt of 1857, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, 1858, which abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred the administration of India directly to the British Crown. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.