Practice Indian National Movement MCQ, PYQ, and important quiz questions for UPSC Prelims. Solve exam-focused Modern History objective questions and previous year questions for better preparation.
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Indian National Movement MCQ & PYQ for UPSC Prelims | Important Questions
Description
Practice Indian National Movement MCQ, PYQ, and important quiz questions for UPSC Prelims. Solve exam-focused Modern History objective questions and previous year questions for better preparation.
Difficulty
Hard
Num Questions
210
Points Per Question
1
Time Limit
180 minutes
All MCQ Questions with Answers and Explanations
Question 1: Which of the following statements most appropriately reflects the historiography of the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Indian nationalism developed through multiple social, economic, and political factors
Explanation:
Modern historiography interprets Indian nationalism as a multidimensional process shaped by economic exploitation, political consciousness, social reform, cultural revival, and mass participation. Different ideological streams collectively contributed to the growth of the national movement.
Question 2: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Ghadar Movement was mainly based among Indians living abroad. (2) The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was influenced by socialist ideology. (3) The Anushilan Samiti was associated with Moderate politics.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Ghadar Movement was associated with overseas Indians, and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was influenced by socialist ideas. The Anushilan Samiti was part of the revolutionary movement in Bengal, not Moderate politics.
Question 3: With reference to the Indian National Movement, which of the following statements is the most logical?
Correct Answer:
C
— Indian nationalism became increasingly broad-based and mass-oriented over time
Explanation:
Early nationalism was confined to the educated classes, but over time the movement became broader and more mass-oriented. This was a major feature of the evolution of Indian nationalism.
Question 4: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) A resolution on Fundamental Rights was passed in the Karachi Session (1931). (2) The Faizpur Session was the first rural session of the Congress. (3) The Congress and the Muslim League reached an agreement in the Lahore Session (1929).
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Karachi Session is famous for the resolution on Fundamental Rights, and the Faizpur Session was the first rural session of the Congress. The Congress-League agreement took place in the Lucknow Session of 1916.
Question 5: Which of the following statements best expresses the criticism of the “Safety Valve Theory”?
Correct Answer:
C
— The Congress was also a genuine expression of Indian political consciousness
Explanation:
Modern historians criticize the Safety Valve Theory because it oversimplifies the origin of the Congress. While A. O. Hume played an important role, the Congress also emerged from growing political consciousness, educated middle-class activism, and socio-political changes in India.
Question 6: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Kakori Incident was associated with the Hindustan Republican Association. (2) The revolutionaries deliberately surrendered after the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident. (3) The Chittagong Armoury Raid was led by Bhagat Singh.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Kakori Incident was associated with the HRA, and after the Assembly Bomb Incident, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered voluntarily. The Chittagong Armoury Raid was led by Surya Sen.
Question 7: Which of the following statements most appropriately explains the nature of Extremist nationalism?
Correct Answer:
C
— It emphasized national self-respect, Swadeshi, and boycott
Explanation:
Extremist nationalism emphasized Swadeshi, boycott, national education, and Swaraj. It would be incorrect to view it merely as violent nationalism.
Question 8: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Both ‘Kesari’ and ‘The Mahratta’ were associated with Bal Gangadhar Tilak. (2) The ‘Ghadar’ newspaper aimed to propagate revolutionary ideas. (3) ‘New India’ was associated with Dadabhai Naoroji.
Correct Answer:
B
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Both Kesari and The Mahratta were founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and served as important nationalist newspapers. The Ghadar newspaper propagated revolutionary ideas among Indians abroad. New India was associated with Annie Besant, not Dadabhai Naoroji.
Question 9: In the context of the Indian National Movement, which of the following conclusions is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
C
— Indian nationalism was the result of the combined development of different ideologies and strategies
Explanation:
The Indian National Movement was multidimensional. Moderate, Extremist, Revolutionary, Socialist, and Gandhian trends all guided the freedom struggle at different times.
Question 10: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Lucknow Session (1916) is famous for the agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League. (2) The Congress split during the Surat Session (1907). (3) The resolution on Fundamental Rights was passed in the Lahore Session (1929).
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Lucknow Session (1916) is known for the Congress-League Pact and the reunion of Moderate and Extremist factions. The Congress split at Surat in 1907. The resolution on Fundamental Rights was adopted in the Karachi Session (1931), not the Lahore Session (1929).
Question 11: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the ideology of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association?
Correct Answer:
C
— Revolutionary transformation on a socialist basis
Explanation:
The objective of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was not only to overthrow British rule but also to establish a new order based on socialist principles.
Question 12: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Swadeshi Movement promoted economic nationalism. (2) The Swadeshi Movement remained confined only to Bengal. (3) The National Education Movement was associated with the Swadeshi Movement.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement promoted economic self-reliance and national education. Although Bengal was its main center, its influence spread to other regions as well.
Question 13: Which of the following statements is the most appropriate with reference to the establishment of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer:
B
— The Congress was the result of both Indian political consciousness and colonial circumstances
Explanation:
A. O. Hume played an important role in the establishment of the Congress, but it was not merely the result of British initiative. The growing political consciousness and nationalist ideology among Indians were also important factors behind its formation.
Question 14: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Moderate leaders believed that British rule could eventually bring reforms beneficial to Indians. (2) The Extremist leaders challenged the moral legitimacy of British rule. (3) Revolutionary nationalists adopted a completely mass-based strategy of movement.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Moderate leaders initially believed in constitutional methods and gradual reforms within the framework of British rule. Extremist leaders increasingly challenged the legitimacy of colonial rule. The third statement is incorrect because revolutionary organizations mainly operated through secret groups rather than broad mass-based mobilization.
Question 15: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Gopal Krishna Gokhale — Anushilan Samiti
Explanation:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a Moderate leader and had no association with the Anushilan Samiti. The Anushilan Samiti was related to the revolutionary movement in Bengal.
Question 16: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bhagat Singh — Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident
Explanation:
Bhagat Singh, along with Batukeshwar Dutt, was associated with the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident (1929). Ram Prasad Bismil was associated with the Kakori Incident, while Surya Sen led the Chittagong Armoury Raid. Ashfaqulla Khan was associated with the Kakori Conspiracy, not the Lahore Session.
Question 17: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Indian Mirror — Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
‘Indian Mirror’ was associated with N. N. Sen, not with Bal Gangadhar Tilak. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 18: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
A
— Surya Sen — Chittagong Armoury Raid
Explanation:
Surya Sen led the Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930. Bhagat Singh was associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and the Lahore Conspiracy Case, while the Ghadar Party was associated with leaders such as Lala Hardayal.
Question 19: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Swadeshi Movement — Boycott of foreign goods (2) Home Rule Movement — Demand for self-government (3) Ghadar Movement — Constitutional reforms
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement was associated with the boycott of foreign goods and self-reliance. The Home Rule Movement was based on the demand for self-government. The objective of the Ghadar Movement was to overthrow British rule through armed revolution, not constitutional reforms.
Question 20: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Surat Session (1907) — Purna Swaraj Resolution
Explanation:
The Surat Session of 1907 is famous for the split in the Congress, not for the Purna Swaraj Resolution. The Purna Swaraj Resolution was passed in the Lahore Session of 1929.
Question 21: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
B
— Lala Hardayal — Ghadar Party
Explanation:
Lala Hardayal was one of the leading figures associated with the Ghadar Party. Annie Besant was associated with the Home Rule Movement, Bal Gangadhar Tilak had no direct association with the Anushilan Samiti, and Aurobindo Ghosh was mainly associated with Extremist and Revolutionary nationalism.
Question 22: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the nature of revolutionary movements?
Correct Answer:
C
— They were a form of ideological and political resistance against colonial rule
Explanation:
Revolutionary movements were not merely violent activities, but part of political and ideological resistance against colonial rule. These movements strengthened the spirit of nationalism and sacrifice among the youth.
Question 23: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The objective of the Chittagong Armoury Raid was to challenge the British military structure. (2) The revolutionaries surrendered after the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Chittagong Armoury Raid was an attempt to strike at the British administrative and military machinery. After the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt deliberately surrendered in order to propagate their ideas.
Question 24: In the context of the Indian National Movement, what was the most significant impact of revolutionary activities?
Correct Answer:
B
— They inspired the spirit of struggle and sacrifice among the youth against British rule
Explanation:
Revolutionary activities encouraged courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of resistance against colonial rule among Indian youth. Although these movements had a limited mass base, their symbolic impact was extremely wide-ranging.
Question 25: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association participated in the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident. (2) The objective of the Saunders Murder Case was to retaliate against British repression. (3) The Kakori Incident was associated with the Swadeshi Movement.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Revolutionaries of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association participated in the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident. The Saunders assassination was carried out in retaliation for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai following police brutality. The third statement is incorrect because the Kakori Incident was associated with the revolutionary activities of the Hindustan Republican Association, not the Swadeshi Movement.
Question 26: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Alipore Bomb Case — Lala Hardayal
Explanation:
The Alipore Bomb Case was associated with the revolutionary movement in Bengal and Aurobindo Ghosh, not with Lala Hardayal. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 27: Arrange the following events in chronological order: (1) Kakori Incident (2) Alipore Bomb Case (3) Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident (4) Chittagong Armoury Raid
Correct Answer:
A
— 2-1-3-4
Explanation:
The Alipore Bomb Case took place in 1908, the Kakori Incident in 1925, the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident in 1929, and the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930.
Question 28: Who among the following led the Chittagong Armoury Raid?
Correct Answer:
A
— Surya Sen
Explanation:
The Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930 was led by Surya Sen (“Masterda”). Its objective was to challenge the British administrative and military structure. It was an important event in the revolutionary movement of Bengal.
Question 29: The Saunders Murder Case was associated with which of the following events?
Correct Answer:
B
— Revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai
Explanation:
After the death of Lala Lajpat Rai following a police lathi charge during protests against the Simon Commission in 1928, Bhagat Singh and his associates planned to assassinate police officer James A. Scott in retaliation. However, J. P. Saunders was mistakenly killed.
Question 30: With reference to the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident, which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— Its objective was “to make the deaf hear”
Explanation:
In the Central Legislative Assembly Bomb Incident of 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt deliberately threw low-intensity bombs to ensure that no one was killed. Their objective was to convey a message against the colonial government, which Bhagat Singh described as an attempt “to make the deaf hear.”
Question 31: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Lahore Conspiracy Case was associated with Bhagat Singh and his associates. (2) This case was related to the Saunders murder and revolutionary activities.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Lahore Conspiracy Case was associated with revolutionaries of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, including Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru. It was linked with the Saunders murder and other revolutionary activities. Under this case, Bhagat Singh and his associates were sentenced to death.
Question 32: The Alipore Bomb Case was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Revolutionary movement in Bengal
Explanation:
The Alipore Bomb Case (1908) was associated with the revolutionary movement in Bengal and linked to the Anushilan Samiti. Aurobindo Ghosh and other revolutionaries were connected with the case. It emerged after an attempt to assassinate a British official and became one of the most significant early revolutionary trials in colonial India.
Question 33: What was the main objective of the Kakori Conspiracy?
Correct Answer:
B
— To loot government funds for revolutionary activities
Explanation:
The Kakori Conspiracy (1925) was organized by revolutionaries of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to seize government treasury funds carried by train. Its objective was to raise money for revolutionary activities. Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, and Rajendra Lahiri were among its leading revolutionaries.
Question 34: With reference to the role of newspapers and journals in the Indian National Movement, which of the following statements is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
C
— They broadened nationalist ideas, political consciousness, and anti-colonial sentiments
Explanation:
Newspapers and journals were important instruments of the Indian National Movement. They spread nationalist ideas, criticized colonial policies, and developed political consciousness among the people. Therefore, the British government repeatedly attempted to impose restrictions on the press.
Question 35: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) ‘Kesari’ was published in the Marathi language. (2) ‘The Mahratta’ was an English-language newspaper. (3) Both were associated with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
‘Kesari’ was a Marathi-language newspaper, while ‘The Mahratta’ was an English-language newspaper. Both were founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and played a major role in popularizing nationalist ideology.
Question 36: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Yugantar — Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Explanation:
‘Yugantar’ was associated with revolutionary nationalism and revolutionary groups in Bengal, not with Gopal Krishna Gokhale. All the other pairs are correctly matched.
Question 37: ‘Indian Mirror’ newspaper was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— N. N. Sen
Explanation:
‘Indian Mirror’ was edited by N. N. Sen. The newspaper was known for presenting views on social and political issues.
Question 38: ‘New India’ newspaper was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
A
— Annie Besant
Explanation:
‘New India’ was associated with Annie Besant. The newspaper became an important medium for propagating the Home Rule Movement and nationalist ideas. Annie Besant effectively used the press to popularize the demand for self-government in India.
Question 39: With reference to the ‘Ghadar’ newspaper, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) It was published by Indians living abroad. (2) Its objective was to spread revolutionary consciousness against British rule.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The ‘Ghadar’ newspaper was published by the Ghadar Party. Its main objective was to create revolutionary consciousness against British rule among overseas Indians and Indian soldiers.
Question 40: ‘Yugantar’ magazine was mainly associated with which type of ideology?
Correct Answer:
B
— Revolutionary nationalism
Explanation:
‘Yugantar’ was a magazine associated with the revolutionary movement in Bengal. It was linked with the Anushilan Samiti and revolutionary nationalism. It encouraged militant nationalist ideas among the youth.
Question 41: ‘Vande Mataram’ newspaper was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
A
— Aurobindo Ghosh
Explanation:
The nationalist newspaper ‘Vande Mataram’ was associated with Aurobindo Ghosh. The newspaper widely propagated the ideas of Extremist nationalism and the Swadeshi Movement.
Question 42: With reference to ‘The Mahratta’, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) It was an English-language newspaper. (2) It was associated with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
‘The Mahratta’ was an English weekly newspaper started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Both ‘Kesari’ and ‘The Mahratta’ played an important role in propagating nationalist ideas.
Question 43: ‘Kesari’ newspaper was associated with which of the following leaders?
Correct Answer:
B
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
‘Kesari’ was a Marathi-language newspaper founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It became an important medium for the spread of Extremist nationalism and anti-British ideas. Tilak also published an English newspaper named ‘The Mahratta’.
Question 44: With reference to the Sessions of the Indian National Congress, which of the following statements is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
B
— Different sessions periodically determined the direction and strategy of the national movement
Explanation:
Different sessions of the Congress played an important role in determining the objectives, strategies, and ideological direction of the national movement. Sessions such as Calcutta, Lucknow, Lahore, and Karachi represent decisive phases of the Indian freedom struggle.
Question 45: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) After the Lahore Session of 1929, it was decided to celebrate 26 January as Independence Day. (2) Resolutions related to Fundamental Rights were passed in the Karachi Session of 1931.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
After declaring Purna Swaraj as the objective in the Lahore Session, it was decided to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day. Important resolutions related to Fundamental Rights and economic policy were passed in the Karachi Session.
Question 46: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Faizpur Session (1936) — Subhas Chandra Bose
Explanation:
The Faizpur Session (1936) was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, not Subhas Chandra Bose. Dadabhai Naoroji presided over the Calcutta Session (1906), Jawaharlal Nehru over the Lahore Session (1929), and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel over the Karachi Session (1931).
Question 47: Arrange the following Congress Sessions in chronological order: (1) Karachi Session (2) Lucknow Session (3) Lahore Session (4) Surat Session
Correct Answer:
A
— 4-2-3-1
Explanation:
The Surat Session was held in 1907, the Lucknow Session in 1916, the Lahore Session in 1929, and the Karachi Session in 1931.
Question 48: The significance of the Faizpur Session (1936) is related to which of the following?
Correct Answer:
A
— It was the first rural session of the Congress
Explanation:
The Faizpur Session (1936) was the first session of the Congress held in a rural area. It was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru and highlighted agrarian and peasant issues, reflecting the Congress’s growing concern for rural India.
Question 49: With reference to the Karachi Session (1931), which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In this session, a resolution on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme was passed. (2) This session was held after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Karachi Session of 1931 was held after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Important resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme were passed in this session, which are considered the ideological background of the later Indian Constitution.
Question 50: In which of the following Congress Sessions was “Purna Swaraj” declared as the objective of the Congress?
Correct Answer:
D
— Lahore Session, 1929
Explanation:
In the Lahore Session of 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress declared Purna Swaraj as its objective. Following this, it was decided to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day.
Question 51: The significance of the Lucknow Session of 1916 is related to which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League and reunion of Congress factions
Explanation:
The Lucknow Session of 1916 is famous for the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League as well as for the reunion of the Moderate and Extremist factions of the Congress. It marked an important phase of broader political cooperation in the national movement.
Question 52: With reference to the Surat Session of the Congress in 1907, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) This session is known for the conflict between the Moderate and Extremist factions of the Congress. (2) The Congress split during this session.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Surat Session of 1907 was an important turning point in the history of the Congress. The dispute between the Moderate and Extremist leaders over strategy and leadership intensified to such an extent that the Congress split.
Question 53: With reference to the Calcutta Session of 1906, which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— In this session, the Congress adopted the fourfold programme of Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education
Explanation:
The Calcutta Session of 1906 was presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji. In this session, the Congress adopted the fourfold programme of Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education. It reflected the growing influence of Extremist nationalism within the Congress.
Question 54: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Establishment of the Indian National Congress (2) Swadeshi Movement (3) Ghadar Movement (4) Formation of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Correct Answer:
C
— 1-2-3-4
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885. The Swadeshi Movement began in 1905. The Ghadar Movement became active in 1913, and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed in 1928.
Question 55: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Establishment of Abhinav Bharat (2) Partition of Bengal (3) Establishment of the Ghadar Party (4) Formation of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Correct Answer:
A
— 1-2-3-4
Explanation:
Abhinav Bharat was established in 1904, the Partition of Bengal took place in 1905, the Ghadar Party was founded in 1913, and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed in 1928.
Question 56: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Lucknow Session of the Congress (2) Surat Split (3) Partition of Bengal (4) Establishment of the Congress
Correct Answer:
B
— 4-3-2-1
Explanation:
The Congress was established in 1885. The Partition of Bengal took place in 1905, followed by the Surat Split in 1907. Finally, the Lucknow Session was held in 1916. This sequence reflects the changing political direction of the national movement.
Question 57: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (2) Ghadar Party (3) Abhinav Bharat (4) Indian National Congress
Correct Answer:
A
— 4-3-2-1
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885. Abhinav Bharat was founded by V. D. Savarkar in 1904. The Ghadar Party was established in 1913, and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was founded in 1928.
Question 58: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Establishment of the Ghadar Party (2) Partition of Bengal (3) Establishment of the Congress (4) Lucknow Session
Correct Answer:
A
— 3-2-1-4
Explanation:
The Congress was established in 1885, the Partition of Bengal took place in 1905, the Ghadar Party was founded in 1913, and the Lucknow Session was held in 1916.
Question 59: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Swadeshi Movement (2) Surat Split of the Congress (3) Lucknow Session of the Congress (4) Establishment of the Ghadar Movement
Correct Answer:
A
— 1-2-4-3
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement began in 1905, the Surat Split took place in 1907, the Ghadar Movement was organized in 1913, and the Lucknow Session was held in 1916.
Question 60: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Ghadar Party (2) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (3) Anushilan Samiti (4) Indian National Congress
Correct Answer:
A
— 4-3-1-2
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885. The Anushilan Samiti emerged in Bengal around 1902 as a revolutionary organization. The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913, and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was established in 1928.
Question 61: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Surat Split (2) Establishment of the Congress (3) Lucknow Session (4) Partition of Bengal
Correct Answer:
A
— 2-4-1-3
Explanation:
The Congress was established in 1885, the Partition of Bengal took place in 1905, the Surat Split occurred in 1907, and the Lucknow Session was held in 1916. This sequence also reflects the ideological evolution of the Indian National Movement.
Question 62: Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence? (1) Establishment of the Indian National Congress (2) Partition of Bengal (3) Establishment of the Ghadar Party (4) Establishment of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Correct Answer:
A
— 1-2-3-4
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885, the Partition of Bengal took place in 1905, the Ghadar Party was founded in 1913, and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed in 1928.
Question 63: Arrange the following events in chronological order: (1) Partition of Bengal (2) Surat Split (3) Lucknow Session (4) Anti-Partition Agitation and Swadeshi Movement
Correct Answer:
A
— 1-4-2-3
Explanation:
The Partition of Bengal took place in 1905, following which the Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movement gained momentum. The Surat Split occurred in 1907, and finally, the Lucknow Session was held in 1916, where the Congress factions reunited.
Question 64: Which of the following is the deepest conclusion that emerges from the study of the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Indian nationalism evolved through the interaction of different ideologies, strategies, and social forces
Explanation:
The Indian National Movement was a multilayered and dynamic process in which Moderate, Extremist, Revolutionary, Socialist, and mass-based trends contributed. It was not merely a transfer of power but also a process of developing political consciousness, social transformation, and national unity.
Question 65: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Swadeshi Movement strengthened the spirit of protecting Indian industries. (2) The Ghadar Movement gave international recognition to the Indian freedom struggle. (3) The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association introduced the concept of socialist revolution in the Indian context.
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement was associated with economic nationalism. The Ghadar Movement gave an international dimension to the freedom struggle through overseas Indians. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association linked the idea of a socialist republic and social transformation with the Indian freedom struggle.
Question 66: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the multidimensional nature of the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— Different regions, classes, and ideologies advanced the movement in different ways
Explanation:
The Indian National Movement included contributions from Moderates, Extremists, Revolutionaries, peasants, workers, and various regional forces. This multidimensional character made it a broad national movement.
Question 67: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Surat Split affected the organizational unity of the Congress. (2) The Lucknow Session promoted cooperation between the Congress and the Muslim League. (3) After the Lucknow Session, ideological diversity within the Congress came to an end.
Correct Answer:
B
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
The Surat Split was the result of serious differences within the Congress. The Lucknow Session (1916) played an important role in the agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League as well as in the reunion of the Congress factions. The third statement is incorrect because ideological diversity continued thereafter.
Question 68: Which of the following statements reflects a major limitation of Revolutionary Nationalism?
Correct Answer:
C
— It could transform itself into a broad-based mass movement only to a limited extent
Explanation:
Revolutionary nationalism inspired the youth and challenged colonial rule, but it could only develop into a broad mass movement to a limited extent. Its activities often remained confined to secret organizations and selected groups.
Question 69: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Tilak connected cultural nationalism with the political movement. (2) The Extremist leaders challenged the moral legitimacy of British rule. (3) The Moderate leaders never criticized the British administration.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Tilak linked cultural symbols with political consciousness through the Ganapati and Shivaji festivals. The Extremist leaders challenged the legitimacy of British rule. The third statement is incorrect because the Moderate leaders criticized British economic and administrative policies.
Question 70: With reference to the Indian National Congress, which of the following statements is the most logical?
Correct Answer:
C
— The different phases of the Congress reflected the gradual evolution of Indian nationalism
Explanation:
The development of the Congress was gradual. The Moderate phase developed political consciousness, the Extremist phase increased mass participation, and later the movement became broader and more people-oriented. This gradual evolution was a major feature of Indian nationalism.
Question 71: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Both the Ghadar Movement and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association supported revolutionary struggle against colonial rule. (2) The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association had an ideological inclination towards socialism. (3) The primary objective of the Ghadar Movement was to demand reforms in Indian legislatures.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Both the Ghadar Movement and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association were revolutionary organizations. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was influenced by socialist ideology. The third statement is incorrect because the Ghadar Movement sought independence through armed rebellion rather than constitutional reforms.
Question 72: Which of the following statements best explains the role of the Swadeshi Movement in the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— It combined economic nationalism, national education, and mass participation together
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement was not merely an economic boycott; it also promoted national education, self-reliance, and public participation. Hence, it is regarded as a multidimensional phase of the Indian National Movement.
Question 73: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The strategy of the Moderate leaders provided Indians with initial training in constitutional politics. (2) The Extremist leaders confined political struggle only to the educated classes. (3) Revolutionary organizations challenged the perception of the invincibility of colonial rule.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
The Moderate leaders familiarized Indians with the politics of representation, legislatures, and constitutional rights. The Extremist leaders attempted to broaden the mass base of the movement; therefore, the second statement is incorrect. Revolutionary activities weakened the image of the invincibility of British rule.
Question 74: The study of the history of the Indian National Movement indicates that:
Correct Answer:
C
— Different strategies and ideologies together shaped the freedom struggle
Explanation:
The Indian freedom movement was multidimensional in nature. Moderates, Extremists, Revolutionaries, and later Gandhians all strengthened the national movement in different ways. This diversity was its greatest characteristic.
Question 75: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Surat Split exposed the organizational weakness of the Congress. (2) The Lucknow Session revived ideological cooperation within the Congress. (3) After the Lucknow Session, the differences between Moderates and Extremists completely disappeared.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Surat Split exposed strategic differences within the Congress. The reunion took place at the Lucknow Session of 1916, but it did not completely eliminate all ideological differences.
Question 76: Which of the following statements most correctly expresses a similarity between the Swadeshi Movement and the Ghadar Movement?
Correct Answer:
A
— Both strengthened national consciousness against British rule
Explanation:
Both the Swadeshi Movement and the Ghadar Movement strengthened national consciousness against British rule. Although their strategies and social bases differed, both were significant in expanding Indian nationalism.
Question 77: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In the early phase of the Congress, the demand for constitutional reforms was prominent. (2) Extremist nationalism also gave emotional and cultural foundations to political struggle. (3) The revolutionary movement was completely devoid of public support.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
The early Congress focused on constitutional reforms. Extremist nationalism used cultural symbols and historical pride. The third statement is incorrect because revolutionaries enjoyed considerable public sympathy among youth and in certain regions.
Question 78: In the context of the Indian National Movement, which of the following conclusions is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
B
— The development of Indian nationalism was a multilayered and gradual process
Explanation:
Indian nationalism developed through different phases and ideologies. The Moderates developed political consciousness, the Extremists increased mass activism, and the Revolutionaries intensified resistance against colonial rule.
Question 79: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Ghadar Movement gave an international dimension to India’s freedom struggle. (2) The literature of the Ghadar Party inspired rebellion against colonial rule. (3) The Ghadar Movement was confined only within India.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Ghadar Movement was mainly based among Indians living abroad, and its literature inspired armed rebellion against British rule. The movement became an important symbol of Indian nationalism at the international level.
Question 80: Which of the following statements best reflects the ideology of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association?
Correct Answer:
D
— Revolutionary transformation on a socialist basis
Explanation:
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association aimed not only to end colonial rule but also to establish a political and social order based on socialist principles. For leaders such as Bhagat Singh, revolution included both political freedom and social justice.
Question 81: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Swadeshi Movement gave political significance to the concept of “self-reliance.” (2) Extremist leaders presented Indian culture and history as sources of nationalist inspiration. (3) Moderate leaders never raised the issue of Indian economic exploitation.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement strengthened self-reliance and economic nationalism. Extremist leaders used Indian history and cultural symbols as tools of political consciousness. The third statement is incorrect because Moderates such as Dadabhai Naoroji and R.C. Dutt strongly criticized economic exploitation.
Question 82: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the relationship between the Congress and revolutionary movements?
Correct Answer:
C
— Both broadly aimed at ending colonial rule, though their methods differed
Explanation:
The Congress and revolutionary organizations adopted different methods, but both broadly opposed British colonial rule. While the Congress mainly relied on constitutional and mass-based politics, revolutionary groups emphasized armed struggle.
Question 83: From the study of the Indian National Movement, which of the following broad conclusions emerges?
Correct Answer:
B
— Different ideological streams gave new direction to the movement from time to time
Explanation:
The Indian National Movement included several streams such as Moderate, Extremist, Gandhian, and Revolutionary. All these influenced the direction and strategy of the movement at different times. This multidimensional character was a major feature of Indian nationalism.
Question 84: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Both Revolutionary Nationalism and Extremist Nationalism were dissatisfied with British colonial rule. (2) Their strategies and methods were completely identical. (3) Secret organizations and armed action were more important in Revolutionary Nationalism.
Correct Answer:
C
— Only 1 and 3
Explanation:
Both Extremists and Revolutionaries opposed British rule, but their strategies differed. Revolutionary organizations relied more on secret networks and armed action, whereas Extremists used methods such as mass movements and boycott.
Question 85: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the long-term impact of the Swadeshi Movement?
Correct Answer:
C
— It promoted economic self-reliance, national education, and mass participation
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement encouraged Indian industries, national education, and political mass activism. It was an important movement that strengthened the economic and social dimensions of modern Indian nationalism. It gave a new direction to both self-reliance and national consciousness.
Question 86: In the context of the Indian National Movement, which of the following statements is the most logical?
Correct Answer:
B
— Extremist leaders transformed the political consciousness developed by the Moderates into a more mass-oriented movement
Explanation:
Extremist leaders expanded and intensified the political consciousness developed during the Moderate phase. The Indian National Movement evolved gradually, showing both continuity and change across different phases.
Question 87: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The revolutionaries of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association did not believe only in isolated acts of violence. (2) Bhagat Singh also emphasized mass awakening and ideological revolution. (3) The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association adopted the idea of a socialist republic.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was not confined only to violent activities. Bhagat Singh and his associates emphasized ideological awareness, political education, and social transformation. The organization aimed to establish a socialist republic in India.
Question 88: Which of the following statements distinguishes the Ghadar Movement from other contemporary nationalist movements?
Correct Answer:
A
— Its base mainly consisted of the Indian diaspora community
Explanation:
The distinctive feature of the Ghadar Movement was its international and expatriate Indian base. Indians settled in America and Canada organized it. It was an important example of global Indian resistance against colonial rule.
Question 89: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In Extremist nationalism, the concept of “Swaraj” was broader and more assertive than that of the Moderates. (2) For Tilak, Swaraj was not merely an administrative reform but a question of political rights. (3) Extremist nationalism was entirely based on violent revolution.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
For Extremist leaders, Swaraj represented a more assertive demand for self-government and political rights. Tilak famously described Swaraj as the birthright of Indians. However, Extremist nationalism was not entirely violent; it also emphasized methods such as boycott, Swadeshi, and passive resistance.
Question 90: Which of the following statements best expresses the historical significance of the establishment of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer:
B
— It provided the first all-India political platform
Explanation:
The establishment of the Congress provided educated Indians from different regions of India with a common political platform. This strengthened all-India political consciousness and the spirit of national unity. This was its most significant historical role.
Question 91: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The economic critiques presented by the Moderate leaders later provided the ideological background for Extremist nationalism. (2) Both Dadabhai Naoroji and R.C. Dutt criticized colonial economic exploitation. (3) Extremist leaders completely rejected the economic issues raised by the Moderates.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Moderate leaders laid the foundation of economic nationalism by criticizing British economic policies. Dadabhai Naoroji’s Drain Theory and R.C. Dutt’s economic critiques provided the ideological basis for later Extremist nationalism. The third statement is incorrect because the Extremists further advanced these critiques.
Question 92: In the context of the Indian National Movement, which of the following conclusions is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
D
— Different ideologies and strategies together contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism
Explanation:
The Indian National Movement was multidimensional, in which Moderates, Extremists, and Revolutionaries all contributed in different ways. Political consciousness, mass mobilization, and various strategies of anti-colonial resistance together strengthened Indian nationalism.
Question 93: Which of the following statements most correctly expresses the difference between Revolutionary Nationalism and Extremist Nationalism?
Correct Answer:
B
— Extremist nationalism mainly emphasized boycott, Swadeshi, and mass pressure, whereas revolutionary nationalism relied more on secret organizations and armed action
Explanation:
Extremist nationalism emphasized boycott, Swadeshi, passive resistance, and political mobilization, while revolutionary nationalism relied more heavily on secret organizations and armed struggle. Although both opposed British rule, their methods and strategies differed.
Question 94: With reference to the Moderate phase of the Indian National Congress, which of the following statements is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
A
— The Moderates laid the intellectual and political foundation of Indian nationalism
Explanation:
The Moderate leaders systematically raised issues of political consciousness, national unity, administrative criticism, and economic exploitation. Although their strategy had limitations, they prepared the ideological foundation for future movements.
Question 95: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association did not limit revolution merely to political change in power. (2) Bhagat Singh was influenced by socialist ideas. (3) The ultimate objective of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was to secure Dominion Status within British rule.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association aimed not only to end British rule but also to establish a social and political order inspired by socialist principles. Bhagat Singh was significantly influenced by socialist thought. The organization sought revolutionary transformation rather than Dominion Status.
Question 96: Which of the following developments can be regarded as the most accurate example of the expansion of “Economic Nationalism” in the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Boycott of foreign goods during the Swadeshi Movement
Explanation:
Economic nationalism refers to economic self-reliance and opposition to colonial economic exploitation. During the Swadeshi Movement, the boycott of foreign goods and support for Indian industries most clearly expressed this idea.
Question 97: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Both the Ghadar Movement and the Anushilan Samiti believed in armed revolution. (2) The organizational base of the Ghadar Movement was mainly abroad, whereas the Anushilan Samiti was centered in India. (3) The ideological basis of both movements was entirely moderate constitutional politics.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Both the Ghadar Movement and the Anushilan Samiti were revolutionary organizations that believed in armed struggle. The Ghadar Movement was based among Indians living abroad, whereas the Anushilan Samiti was active in Bengal. The third statement is incorrect because both were associated with revolutionary struggle rather than constitutional politics.
Question 98: Which of the following statements best expresses the nature of Extremist Nationalism?
Correct Answer:
C
— It combined cultural symbols, mass awakening, and assertive political activism
Explanation:
Extremist nationalism used Indian history, culture, and religious symbols to mobilize political consciousness. Leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak used Ganapati and Shivaji festivals to encourage mass participation and nationalism. It went beyond constitutional politics and promoted a more assertive political approach.
Question 99: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) According to the “Safety Valve Theory,” the Congress was established to provide a constitutional outlet for growing political discontent against British rule. (2) Modern historians completely agree with the view that the Congress was merely an institution created by the British. (3) The establishment of the Congress was also linked to the political consciousness of the educated Indian middle class.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 1 and 3
Explanation:
According to the “Safety Valve Theory,” A. O. Hume helped establish the Congress to channel growing political dissatisfaction into constitutional methods. However, many modern historians argue that the rise of the Congress was also linked to political consciousness, education, the press, and the emergence of an educated middle class. Therefore, statement (2) is incorrect.
Question 100: In the context of the Indian National Movement, which of the following statements is most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
D
— Different phases contributed differently to the development of Indian nationalism
Explanation:
The Indian National Movement was a gradual process in which Moderates, Extremists, and Revolutionaries all contributed. The Moderates developed political consciousness, the Extremists accelerated mass movements, and the Revolutionaries intensified the struggle against colonial rule.
Question 101: Which of the following statements applies equally to both the Ghadar Movement and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association?
Correct Answer:
B
— Both supported revolutionary struggle against British rule
Explanation:
Both the Ghadar Movement and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association were revolutionary organizations that sought to end British rule through armed struggle. Although their circumstances and organizational structures differed, their objective was the end of colonial rule.
Question 102: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The objective of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was only to assassinate British officials. (2) Bhagat Singh also linked revolution with social transformation.
Correct Answer:
B
— Only 2
Explanation:
The objective of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was not limited to violent action against British officials. Its broader aim was to overthrow colonial rule and establish a socialist republic. Bhagat Singh viewed revolution as social, economic, and political transformation.
Question 103: Which of the following leaders used Ganapati and Shivaji festivals as instruments of political awareness?
Correct Answer:
B
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak used religious and historical symbols to politically mobilize the masses. Ganapati and Shivaji festivals played an important role in spreading nationalist consciousness among the common people.
Question 104: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Early Congress leaders demanded increased Indian representation in legislatures. (2) Extremist leaders believed that political rights would not be achieved through petitions alone.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Moderate leaders demanded greater Indian representation in legislatures. Extremist leaders believed that political rights could not be achieved merely through petitions; mass pressure and active movements were necessary.
Question 105: Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
C
— Abhinav Bharat — Punjab
Explanation:
Abhinav Bharat was founded in Maharashtra by V. D. Savarkar, not in Punjab. The headquarters of the Ghadar Party was in San Francisco, while Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization of Bengal. The Servants of India Society was associated with Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pune.
Question 106: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Extremist leaders adopted the policy of “Passive Resistance.” (2) During the Swadeshi Movement, foreign goods were publicly burnt. (3) Moderate leaders did not criticize British economic policies.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Extremist leaders adopted methods such as Swadeshi, Boycott, and Passive Resistance. During the Swadeshi Movement, the public burning of foreign cloth became an important symbolic protest. Statement (3) is incorrect because Moderate leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and R. C. Dutt strongly criticized British economic exploitation.
Question 107: Which of the following is considered the most significant contribution of the Moderate phase of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer:
B
— Development of national political consciousness among Indians
Explanation:
Moderate leaders developed nationalism, political awareness, and organizational consciousness among Indians. Although their political achievements were limited, they laid the ideological and political foundation for later mass movements. Moderate leaders are also regarded as the early teachers of Indian political consciousness.
Question 108: Which of the following statements regarding the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is not correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— Its main objective was to secure constitutional reforms
Explanation:
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), reorganized in 1928 from the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), believed in revolutionary struggle and aimed to establish a socialist republic in India rather than seek constitutional reforms.
Question 109: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Swadeshi Movement encouraged the establishment of national educational institutions. (2) Extremist leaders used religious and cultural symbols for political purposes.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
During the Swadeshi Movement, the National Education Movement gained momentum and institutions such as Bengal National College were established. Leaders like Tilak used Ganapati and Shivaji festivals to spread political awareness.
Question 110: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the criticism of the “Safety Valve Theory”?
Correct Answer:
C
— The formation of the Congress was also the result of the growth of Indian political consciousness
Explanation:
Many historians argue that the formation of the Indian National Congress cannot be explained solely through the “Safety Valve Theory.” The growth of political consciousness, the emergence of an educated middle class, and increasing dissatisfaction with colonial administration were also important factors.
Question 111: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Servants of India Society — Gopal Krishna Gokhale (2) Abhinav Bharat — V. D. Savarkar (3) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association — Chandrashekhar Azad
Correct Answer:
D
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
The Servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Abhinav Bharat was founded by V. D. Savarkar. Chandrashekhar Azad was one of the leading revolutionaries associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
Question 112: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Moderate leaders completely rejected the Indian Councils Act of 1892. (2) Extremist leaders believed that political rights could be achieved through struggle. (3) The Swadeshi Movement focused only on economic issues.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 2
Explanation:
Moderate leaders both welcomed and criticized the Indian Councils Act of 1892 as a limited reform; they did not completely reject it. Extremist leaders believed in struggle and mass pressure. The Swadeshi Movement was not only economic but also educational, cultural, and political in nature.
Question 113: Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the early objectives of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide Indians with administrative experience and a political platform
Explanation:
The early objectives of the Congress included providing a platform for political discussion among Indians, promoting national unity, and demanding administrative reforms. The early Congress was not demanding immediate independence.
Question 114: Which of the following statements regarding the Anushilan Samiti is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— It was a secret revolutionary organization
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was a secret revolutionary organization based mainly in Bengal. It was associated with militant nationalist activities and believed in revolutionary action rather than constitutional reforms.
Question 115: Which of the following leaders was associated with both Extremist ideology and spiritual nationalism?
Correct Answer:
B
— Aurobindo Ghosh
Explanation:
Aurobindo Ghosh was an important leader of the Extremist Movement who also interpreted nationalism in spiritual terms. Later, he moved to Pondicherry and devoted himself primarily to spiritual philosophy and practice.
Question 116: In which of the following sessions was the reconciliation between the Moderates and Extremists achieved?
Correct Answer:
C
— Lucknow Session, 1916
Explanation:
In the Lucknow Session of 1916, the split between the Moderate and Extremist groups of the Congress was effectively resolved. During the same session, the Congress and the Muslim League also concluded the Lucknow Pact.
Question 117: Which of the following statements regarding the Ghadar Movement is not correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— It was mainly led by Moderate Congress leaders
Explanation:
The Ghadar Movement was a revolutionary movement of expatriate Indians led by revolutionaries such as Lala Hardayal. It had no connection with the Moderate leadership of the Congress. The movement sought to achieve independence through armed revolt.
Question 118: On what basis did the Extremists mainly criticize the Moderate phase of the Congress?
Correct Answer:
D
— The political methods of the Moderate leaders were excessively slow and limited
Explanation:
Extremist leaders believed that the petition-based politics of the Moderates was excessively slow and ineffective. They favored active mass movements and pressure politics. These differences later became the cause of the Surat Split.
Question 119: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (1) Kesari — Bal Gangadhar Tilak (2) Bande Mataram — Aurobindo Ghosh (3) Ghadar — Lala Hardayal
Correct Answer:
C
— 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
“Kesari” was the Marathi newspaper started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, while “Bande Mataram” was associated with Aurobindo Ghosh. The “Ghadar” newspaper was linked with the Ghadar Movement and leaders such as Lala Hardayal.
Question 120: Which of the following events gave the greatest momentum to economic nationalism in the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Partition of Bengal and the Swadeshi Movement
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement, launched in opposition to the Partition of Bengal in 1905, marked an important phase of economic nationalism. The boycott of foreign goods and encouragement of indigenous industries promoted the idea of economic self-reliance.
Question 121: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Moderate leaders mainly believed in the justice and fairness of the British Parliament. (2) Extremist leaders adopted National Education, Swadeshi, and Boycott as political weapons. (3) Extremist leaders were formally demanding complete independence from the very beginning.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed in constitutional reforms and had faith in British liberal traditions and parliamentary justice. Extremist leaders adopted Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education as important political methods. However, early Extremists generally demanded Swaraj (self-government) rather than complete independence.
Question 122: Which of the following statements regarding the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— It was inspired by revolutionary socialist ideology
Explanation:
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was a revolutionary organization inspired by socialist ideas. Revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh associated the struggle for political freedom with broader socio-economic transformation.
Question 123: What was a major characteristic of the Moderate phase of the Congress?
Correct Answer:
B
— Use of constitutional and peaceful methods
Explanation:
Moderate leaders attempted to secure political rights through constitutional reforms, petitions, and delegations. They opposed violent struggle.
Question 124: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Anushilan Samiti was mainly active in Bengal. (2) Its objective was to oppose British rule through revolutionary activities.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was a major revolutionary organization of Bengal. Its members were involved in secret and armed activities against British rule. Bengal had become a major center of revolutionary nationalism during that period.
Question 125: Which of the following leaders was popularly known as “Punjab Kesari”?
Correct Answer:
A
— Lala Lajpat Rai
Explanation:
Lala Lajpat Rai was popularly known as “Punjab Kesari.” He was an important Extremist leader and part of the “Lal-Bal-Pal” trio. He died after suffering injuries during a police lathi charge while protesting against the Simon Commission in 1928.
Question 126: Which of the following organizations was established outside India?
Correct Answer:
B
— Ghadar Party
Explanation:
The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913 in San Francisco, United States, by expatriate Indians. Its objective was to organize an armed revolt against British rule in India. The other organizations were established within India.
Question 127: Whom did Mahatma Gandhi accept as his “political guru” in the Indian National Movement?
Correct Answer:
D
— Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi regarded Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his political guru. Gokhale was a leading Moderate leader and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
Question 128: In which session did the Congress first officially adopt “Swaraj” as its political objective?
Correct Answer:
C
— Calcutta Session, 1906
Explanation:
In the Calcutta Session of 1906, under the presidency of Dadabhai Naoroji, the Indian National Congress adopted “Swaraj” as its political objective for the first time. At that stage, Swaraj referred to self-government within the British Empire rather than complete independence.
Question 129: Which of the following statements regarding the Moderate leaders is correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— They believed in gradual reforms
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed in gradual reforms and constitutional methods. They sought to secure political rights for Indians by influencing the British Parliament and administration. Therefore, their strategy remained relatively peaceful.
Question 130: Which of the following leaders was associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association?
Correct Answer:
A
— Bhagat Singh
Explanation:
Bhagat Singh was one of the leading revolutionaries associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). The organization, reorganized from the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) in 1928, aimed to overthrow British rule and establish a socialist republic in India.
Question 131: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Ghadar Movement was centered around Indians settled abroad. (2) The objective of the Ghadar Movement was armed revolt against British rule.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Ghadar Movement was mainly led by Indians settled in the United States and Canada. Its objective was to carry out an armed revolution against British rule in India. During the First World War, the movement planned an uprising against the British Government.
Question 132: The establishment of which of the following organizations is associated with Vinayak Damodar Savarkar?
Correct Answer:
D
— Abhinav Bharat
Explanation:
Abhinav Bharat was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1904 in Maharashtra. It was a secret revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British rule through revolutionary means.
Question 133: Which of the following statements about the Swadeshi Movement is not correct?
Correct Answer:
D
— It was led exclusively by Moderate leaders
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement emerged in opposition to the Partition of Bengal in 1905. Both Moderate and Extremist leaders participated in it, although Extremist leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh gave it a more assertive direction. Therefore, it was not led exclusively by Moderate leaders.
Question 134: What demand did the Moderate leaders make regarding the Indian Civil Services Examination?
Correct Answer:
C
— The examination should be conducted in both India and England
Explanation:
One of the major demands of the Moderate leaders was that the Indian Civil Services (ICS) Examination should be conducted in both India and England so that Indian candidates could get equal opportunities. This was an effort to increase Indian participation in administration.
Question 135: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
B
— Aurobindo Ghosh — Swadeshi Movement
Explanation:
Aurobindo Ghosh was closely associated with the Swadeshi Movement and Extremist nationalism. Abhinav Bharat was founded by V. D. Savarkar, while Lala Hardayal played an important role in the Ghadar Movement. Dadabhai Naoroji belonged to the Moderate phase of the Congress.
Question 136: Which of the following events gave the greatest impetus to the Extremist Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— Partition of Bengal
Explanation:
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 gave a major impetus to the rise of Extremist nationalism. It triggered the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement and significantly strengthened the influence of Extremist leaders within the Congress. The movement also expanded mass political participation.
Question 137: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Moderate leaders believed in constitutional reforms. (2) Extremist leaders had complete faith in the justice and fairness of British rule.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed in constitutional reforms, petitions, and peaceful methods. On the other hand, Extremist leaders had little faith in British justice and favored more aggressive political methods.
Question 138: Which of the following leaders was associated with the Moderate phase?
Correct Answer:
D
— Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Explanation:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the leading Moderate leaders of the Indian National Congress. He believed in constitutional reforms and gradual political progress. He founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 and greatly influenced Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 139: When did the British Government annul the Partition of Bengal?
Correct Answer:
B
— 1911
Explanation:
The British Government annulled the Partition of Bengal in 1911. This decision was taken due to widespread opposition and political pressure generated by the Swadeshi Movement. In the same year, the capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
Question 140: What was the main objective of the National Education Movement during the Swadeshi Movement?
Correct Answer:
B
— To encourage education based on Indian culture and nationalism
Explanation:
During the Swadeshi Movement, the National Education Movement aimed to develop an education system rooted in Indian culture, self-respect, and nationalism. Institutions such as Bengal National College emerged as important outcomes of this movement.
Question 141: In the famous trio “Lal-Bal-Pal,” who does “Lal” refer to?
Correct Answer:
A
— Lala Lajpat Rai
Explanation:
“Lal” refers to Lala Lajpat Rai, who was popularly known as Punjab Kesari. He was a prominent leader of the Extremist Movement and played an active role in the Swadeshi Movement.
Question 142: What was the attitude of the Moderate leaders towards British rule?
Correct Answer:
D
— They believed in British justice and fairness
Explanation:
The Moderate leaders believed that the condition of Indians could be improved through constitutional reforms within British rule. Therefore, they adopted the policy of petitions and peaceful protest.
Question 143: Which of the following newspapers was published by Bal Gangadhar Tilak?
Correct Answer:
C
— Kesari
Explanation:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak published the Marathi newspaper “Kesari” and the English newspaper “Mahratta.” These newspapers played an important role in spreading national consciousness and anti-British ideas.
Question 144: Which of the following leaders was called the “Father of Indian Unrest”?
Correct Answer:
B
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
British journalist Valentine Chirol referred to Bal Gangadhar Tilak as the “Father of Indian Unrest.” Tilak popularized nationalist ideas through public festivals such as Ganapati and Shivaji celebrations and strongly advocated Swaraj.
Question 145: Where was the second session of the Indian National Congress held?
Correct Answer:
A
— Calcutta
Explanation:
The second session of the Congress was held in Calcutta in 1886 under the presidency of Dadabhai Naoroji.
Question 146: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Correct Answer:
D
— Anushilan Samiti — Bengal
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was a major revolutionary organization of Bengal. The Ghadar Movement was mainly associated with Punjabi expatriates, while Abhinav Bharat was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in Maharashtra.
Question 147: “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it” was said by:
Correct Answer:
B
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
This famous slogan was given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It infused new energy and promoted militant nationalism in the Indian National Movement.
Question 148: Which of the following leaders was associated with the Extremist ideology?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the most prominent leaders of the Extremist Movement. He strongly supported Swaraj, Swadeshi, and National Education. Compared to the Moderates, he favored a more aggressive political strategy.
Question 149: The “Safety Valve Theory” regarding the formation of the Indian National Congress is associated with:
Correct Answer:
D
— A. O. Hume
Explanation:
According to the “Safety Valve Theory,” A. O. Hume helped establish the Congress to provide a constitutional outlet for growing political discontent among educated Indians so that it would not turn into violent unrest. However, many modern historians do not fully accept this interpretation.
Question 150: Which of the following was included in the demands of the Moderate leaders?
Correct Answer:
B
— Participation of Indians in higher services
Explanation:
The Moderate leaders demanded administrative reforms, expansion of legislative councils, and greater opportunities for Indians in higher administrative services. They did not support immediate complete independence or violent struggle.
Question 151: Who among the following is known as the “Grand Old Man of India”?
Correct Answer:
C
— Dadabhai Naoroji
Explanation:
Dadabhai Naoroji is known as the “Grand Old Man of India.” He served as the President of the Indian National Congress three times and was also the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament.
Question 152: Dadabhai Naoroji’s “Drain Theory” was related to:
Correct Answer:
B
— Economic drain of wealth from India to Britain
Explanation:
Through the “Drain of Wealth Theory,” Dadabhai Naoroji explained how India’s wealth was being transferred to Britain. It was one of the earliest critiques of British economic exploitation in India.
Question 153: How many delegates participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer:
A
— 72
Explanation:
A total of 72 delegates participated in the first session of the Congress held in Bombay in 1885. The objective of the session was to provide educated Indians with a common political platform.
Question 154: Which of the following organizations was associated with revolutionary activities?
Correct Answer:
B
— Anushilan Samiti
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was a major revolutionary organization in Bengal associated with militant nationalist activities against British rule. It was founded in the early twentieth century and played an important role in revolutionary politics.
Question 155: Which of the following best describes the objective of the Swadeshi Movement?
Correct Answer:
A
— Boycott of British goods and promotion of indigenous industries
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement aimed at boycotting British goods and promoting indigenous industries and products. It began in opposition to the Partition of Bengal in 1905 and also emphasized national education and self-reliance.
Question 156: In the famous trio “Lal-Bal-Pal,” who does “Pal” refer to?
Correct Answer:
A
— Bipin Chandra Pal
Explanation:
“Lal-Bal-Pal” was a famous term used for the three major leaders of Extremist nationalism — Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal. These leaders promoted movements such as Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education. Bipin Chandra Pal was especially a leading advocate of Extremist nationalism in Bengal.
Question 157: During the tenure of which Viceroy did the Partition of Bengal take place?
Correct Answer:
C
— Lord Curzon
Explanation:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905. Although the official justification was administrative convenience, many Indian nationalists believed that the move was intended to weaken growing nationalism through a policy of divide and rule. It led to the rise of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
Question 158: The policy adopted by the Moderate leaders was popularly known as:
Correct Answer:
B
— Prayer, Petition and Protest
Explanation:
The methods adopted by the Moderate leaders are popularly described as “Prayer, Petition and Protest.” They believed in constitutional methods and sought reforms through petitions, resolutions, meetings, and dialogue with the British Government.
Question 159: Which of the following was not a Moderate leader?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader of the Extremist ideology, whereas Gokhale, Mehta, and Naoroji were associated with the Moderate phase.
Question 160: By what name are the early leaders of the Indian National Congress generally known?
Correct Answer:
D
— Moderates
Explanation:
The Congress leaders from 1885 to 1905 are known as Moderates. They believed in constitutional reforms, petitions, delegations, and peaceful methods. Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Pherozeshah Mehta were among their prominent leaders.
Question 161: Which of the following statements regarding A. O. Hume is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— He was a retired British civil servant
Explanation:
Allan Octavian Hume was a retired British ICS officer who played an important role in the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885. He is regarded as one of the founders of the Congress. W. C. Bonnerjee was the first President of the Congress; therefore, option A is incorrect.
Question 162: Who presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress?
Correct Answer:
C
— W. C. Bonnerjee
Explanation:
The first session of the Congress was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. The session was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay.
Question 163: In which year was the Indian National Congress founded?
Correct Answer:
A
— 1885
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai). The first session was presided over by W. C. Bonnerjee. The early objective of the Congress was to establish dialogue between Indians and the British Government.
Question 164: Assertion (A): One of the limitations of the revolutionary movement was the lack of broad mass support. Reason (R): Revolutionary organizations usually operated through secret structures, and their activities remained confined to limited groups.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Revolutionary organizations worked secretly and had a relatively limited base. As a result, they remained limited in developing broad mass support. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 165: Assertion (A): During the Swadeshi Movement, the boycott of foreign goods was only an economic measure. Reason (R): The boycott of foreign goods was also a means of political resistance against colonial rule.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The boycott of foreign goods was not merely an economic policy; it was also a symbol of political resistance. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 166: Assertion (A): Moderate leaders attached importance to raising Indian issues in the British Parliament. Reason (R): Moderates believed that reforms could be achieved by influencing British public opinion and Parliament.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed that reforms in India could be achieved by influencing the British Parliament and public opinion. Therefore, they adopted the strategy of parliamentary pressure. The Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 167: Assertion (A): The strategy of the Extremist leaders intensified ideological divisions within the Congress. Reason (R): Extremists placed greater emphasis on Swaraj and direct mass struggle.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Extremists emphasized Swaraj, boycott, Swadeshi, and mass mobilization, which differed sharply from the constitutional approach of the Moderates. This increased ideological divisions within the Congress. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 168: Assertion (A): Anushilan Samiti was satisfied with the constitutional methods of the early Congress. Reason (R): Anushilan Samiti was associated with secret revolutionary activities and armed training.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was not satisfied with constitutional and peaceful political methods. It believed in secret revolutionary activities and armed struggle. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 169: Assertion (A): Socialist influence is clearly visible in the ideology of HSRA. Reason (R): Bhagat Singh and his associates considered the struggle against economic exploitation equally necessary.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
HSRA was not confined only to political freedom; its leaders also considered the struggle against social and economic exploitation essential. This reflects the socialist influence in its ideology. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 170: Assertion (A): Moderate leaders demanded the Indianization of the administration. Reason (R): They believed that Indian officials could better understand Indian problems.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed that greater participation of Indians in administration would make governance more responsive and suited to Indian needs. Indian officials could better understand local problems and public conditions. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 171: Assertion (A): Revolutionary organizations placed special emphasis on individual heroism and secret organizational structures. Reason (R): Revolutionaries believed that limited but daring actions could inspire the masses.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Revolutionary organizations adopted secret structures and daring actions because they considered them effective means to inspire the masses and challenge colonial rule. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 172: Assertion (A): The Ghadar Movement was a peasant movement that originated within India. Reason (R): The leadership of the Ghadar Movement mainly consisted of Indians settled abroad.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Ghadar Movement originated among Indians settled abroad, particularly in the United States and Canada. It was not a peasant movement that originated within India. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 173: Assertion (A): After the Surat Split, the Congress organization became weak for some time. Reason (R): There was a conflict between the Moderates and Extremists regarding organizational control.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Surat Split divided the Congress into two groups, resulting in organizational weakness. This was caused by conflicts over leadership, programs, and organizational control. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 174: Assertion (A): The Swadeshi Movement encouraged national education along with the development of Indian industries. Reason (R): The objective of the Swadeshi Movement was to challenge colonial economic and intellectual domination.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement was not limited to economic boycott alone; its objective was to challenge colonial influence more broadly. Therefore, national education and indigenous industries were promoted. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 175: Assertion (A): The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was carried out entirely for administrative convenience. Reason (R): The British government was concerned about the growing nationalist activities in Bengal.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Administrative convenience was not the sole objective behind the Partition of Bengal; weakening the nationalist movement was also a major aim. The British government was concerned about the growing nationalist activities in Bengal. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 176: Assertion (A): Extremist leaders attempted to transform the national movement from an educated middle-class movement into a broader mass-based movement. Reason (R): Extremist leaders used religious and cultural symbols to gain mass support.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Extremist leaders used cultural and religious symbols such as the Ganapati Festival and Shivaji Festival to mobilize wider sections of society. This helped expand the national movement beyond the educated middle class and gave it a broader mass base. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 177: Assertion (A): The economic critique of the Moderate leaders challenged the legitimacy of colonial rule. Reason (R): Moderate leaders made the issue of the Drain of Wealth from India a subject of public debate.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Moderate leaders criticized the economic policies of British rule and made the issue of the Drain of Wealth a major subject of public discussion. This exposed the economic exploitation under colonial rule and questioned its legitimacy. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 178: Assertion (A): The establishment of the Congress provided Indian political leadership with an all-India platform. Reason (R): Before 1885, various provincial political organizations were functioning at the regional level.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Before 1885, political associations such as provincial organizations functioned mainly at the regional level. The establishment of the Indian National Congress provided a common national platform that united these regional political efforts at the all-India level. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 179: Assertion (A): The activities of revolutionary organizations mainly attracted youth and students. Reason (R): Secret organizations, daring actions, and nationalist ideals were prominent features of the revolutionary movement.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The secret activities, daring operations, and intense nationalism of revolutionary movements attracted youth and students. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 180: Assertion (A): Moderate leaders believed that British rule had helped in the development of modern political institutions in India. Reason (R): Moderate leaders supported immediate armed revolution.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed that British rule had contributed to the development of modern education, law, and political institutions in India. However, they did not support armed revolution.
Question 181: Assertion (A): In the early sessions of the Indian National Congress, issues of social reform were kept separate from political questions. Reason (R): In its early phase, the Congress wanted to maintain broader political unity.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Early Congress leaders adopted a policy of keeping distance from social controversies in order to maintain political unity. Therefore, social reform issues were kept separate from the political platform. The Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 182: Assertion (A): The main center of the Ghadar Movement was Punjab within India. Reason (R): The Ghadar Party was founded in San Francisco.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The organizational center of the Ghadar Movement was abroad, especially in the United States, although Punjab was an important area of its influence. The Ghadar Party was founded in San Francisco. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 183: Assertion (A): Extremist leaders considered “Swaraj” as the birthright of Indians. Reason (R): Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright.”
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Extremist leaders strongly emphasized Swaraj, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it,” reflected and popularized this ideology. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 184: Assertion (A): Lala Lajpat Rai was known as the “Punjab Kesari.” Reason (R): He was the President of the Calcutta Session (1920) of the Indian National Congress.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Lala Lajpat Rai was popularly known as “Punjab Kesari” because of his nationalist leadership and role in the freedom struggle. However, the Congress session of 1920 was a special session held at Calcutta and presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai, but referring to it simply as the “Calcutta Session (1920)” can create factual ambiguity with the annual session. Hence, the Reason is factually weak for a UPSC-standard MCQ.
Question 185: Assertion (A): The National Education Movement developed during the Swadeshi Movement. Reason (R): The objective of the National Education Movement was to develop an education system free from British control.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
During the Swadeshi Movement, national educational institutions were established to free education from colonial influence. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 186: Assertion (A): Moderate leaders completely opposed the Indian Councils Act, 1892. Reason (R): Moderate leaders were demanding greater Indian representation in legislative councils.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Moderate leaders criticized the limitations of the Indian Councils Act, 1892, but they did not completely oppose it. They were demanding greater Indian representation in legislative councils. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 187: Assertion (A): The objective of HSRA was only to assassinate British officials. Reason (R): HSRA was influenced by the idea of establishing a socialist republic.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The objective of HSRA was not merely to carry out violent actions; its broader aim was to establish a socialist republic and end colonial rule. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 188: Assertion (A): Leaders of the Ghadar Movement considered the First World War an opportunity to revolt against British rule. Reason (R): Britain’s preoccupation during the war could increase the possibility of revolution in India.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Leaders of the Ghadar Movement regarded Britain’s involvement in the First World War as a favorable opportunity for armed revolt in India. Therefore, the Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 189: Assertion (A): Anushilan Samiti mainly wanted to achieve independence through constitutional reforms. Reason (R): Members of Anushilan Samiti were involved in secret revolutionary activities.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti believed in revolutionary and armed activities rather than constitutional reforms. Its members were actively involved in secret revolutionary activities. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 190: Assertion (A): Extremist leaders encouraged Indians to boycott British goods. Reason (R): Extremist leaders believed that economic pressure could become an effective instrument of political struggle.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Extremist leaders adopted boycott as a political weapon because they believed that pressure could be exerted on British rule by affecting its economic interests. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 191: Assertion (A): The Partition of Bengal strengthened economic nationalism in the Indian National Movement. Reason (R): During the Swadeshi Movement, Indian industries and indigenous goods were promoted.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Partition of Bengal led to the Swadeshi Movement, which strengthened economic nationalism. During this movement, indigenous industries and goods were promoted. However, the promotion of indigenous goods explains the nature of economic nationalism rather than directly explaining how the Partition of Bengal strengthened it.
Question 192: Assertion (A): In the early years of the Indian National Congress, its demands were mainly limited to administrative reforms. Reason (R): Moderate leaders believed that British rule would gradually implement political reforms in the interest of Indians.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
In the early phase, Moderate leaders mainly demanded administrative reforms, greater representation in legislatures, and opportunities in civil services. This was because they believed British rule would gradually introduce reforms beneficial to Indians. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 193: Assertion (A): Leaders of the Moderate phase were demanding complete independence. Reason (R): Moderate leaders sought constitutional reforms within the British Empire.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Moderate leaders did not demand complete independence. They sought constitutional reforms, greater administrative participation, and self-government within the British Empire. Therefore, the Assertion is incorrect, while the Reason is correct.
Question 194: Assertion (A): HSRA carried out revolutionary activities inspired by socialist ideals. Reason (R): The full form of HSRA was Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
HSRA stood for Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. The inclusion of the term “Socialist” in its name reflects its ideological orientation toward socialist ideals, which influenced its revolutionary activities. Therefore, the Reason explains the Assertion.
Question 195: Assertion (A): The Ghadar Movement aimed to overthrow British rule in India through armed rebellion. Reason (R): Most activists of the Ghadar Movement were Indians settled abroad.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Ghadar Movement sought to overthrow British rule through armed revolution. Most of its activists were overseas Indians, especially in the United States and Canada. However, this fact does not directly explain the revolutionary objective of the movement.
Question 196: Assertion (A): Anushilan Samiti was associated with revolutionary nationalism. Reason (R): This organization was mainly established for social reform movements.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization committed to armed struggle against British rule. It was not mainly established for social reform activities.
Question 197: Assertion (A): The Lal-Bal-Pal trio was associated with extremist ideology. Reason (R): These leaders supported more aggressive political methods to achieve Swaraj.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Lal-Bal-Pal represented the extremist wing of the Congress and supported more assertive political methods such as boycott, Swadeshi, and national education to achieve Swaraj. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 198: Assertion (A): The opposition to the Partition of Bengal transformed the Indian National Movement into a mass movement. Reason (R): After the Partition of Bengal, the Swadeshi Movement remained confined only to Bengal.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
Opposition to the Partition of Bengal broadened the base of the Indian National Movement and gave it a mass character. However, the Swadeshi Movement spread beyond Bengal to other parts of India and did not remain confined to Bengal.
Question 199: Assertion (A): Extremist leaders adopted Swadeshi and boycott as instruments of political struggle. Reason (R): Extremist leaders believed that political pressure would not be effective without mass participation.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Extremist leaders believed that constitutional methods alone were insufficient and that effective political pressure required mass participation. Therefore, they adopted Swadeshi, boycott, and mass mobilization as instruments of political struggle.
Question 200: Assertion (A): A.O. Hume played an important role in the establishment of the Indian National Congress. Reason (R): A.O. Hume was the Viceroy of India.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
A.O. Hume played an important role in establishing the Indian National Congress. However, he was not the Viceroy of India; he was a retired British civil servant.
Question 201: Assertion (A): The early leaders of the Indian National Congress aimed to secure greater representation for Indians in the administration. Reason (R): Moderate leaders wanted to achieve reforms by influencing the British Parliament and public opinion.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Early Congress leaders demanded greater Indian participation in administration. Moderate leaders tried to achieve reforms through constitutional means by influencing British Parliament and public opinion. However, this explains their method of agitation, not directly why they sought greater representation in administration.
Question 202: Assertion (A): A.O. Hume was the first President of the Indian National Congress. Reason (R): W.C. Bonnerjee was the first President of the Congress.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
A.O. Hume was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress but not its first President. W.C. Bonnerjee presided over the first session of the Congress in 1885 and became its first President.
Question 203: Assertion (A): Extremist leaders raised the demand for Swaraj more forcefully. Reason (R): Extremist leaders believed that independence could not be achieved merely through petitions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Extremist leaders believed that constitutional petitions alone were insufficient to achieve freedom. Therefore, they advocated Swaraj, boycott, and mass mobilization more forcefully.
Question 204: Assertion (A): The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was associated with revolutionary activities. Reason (R): Bhagat Singh was among the prominent members of HSRA.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
HSRA was a revolutionary organization involved in anti-colonial revolutionary activities. Bhagat Singh was one of its prominent members. However, his membership does not explain why HSRA itself was revolutionary in nature.
Question 205: Assertion (A): Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization. Reason (R): The main objective of this organization was to end British rule through armed revolution.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British rule through armed struggle. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 206: Assertion (A): The Swadeshi Movement aimed at boycotting foreign goods. Reason (R): The Swadeshi Movement was associated with the protest against the Partition of Bengal.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement emphasized the boycott of foreign goods and the promotion of indigenous products. It emerged in the context of protest against the Partition of Bengal in 1905. However, the protest against partition explains the origin of the movement, not directly why it aimed at boycotting foreign goods.
Question 207: Assertion (A): The Lal-Bal-Pal trio were the major leaders of the Moderate phase. Reason (R): Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a major supporter of extremist ideology.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
Lal-Bal-Pal (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal) were associated with the Extremist phase, not the Moderate phase. However, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was indeed a leading supporter of extremist ideology.
Question 208: Assertion (A): The Partition of Bengal was carried out by Lord Curzon in 1905. Reason (R): The main objective of the Partition of Bengal was to provide administrative convenience to Indians.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905. Officially, the British government justified the partition on grounds of administrative convenience. However, Indian nationalists believed that its real objective was the policy of “Divide and Rule.” Therefore, both statements are technically correct, but the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion.
Question 209: Assertion (A): The Moderates adopted constitutional and peaceful methods. Reason (R): The Moderate leaders believed in the justice and fairness of British rule.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Moderate leaders believed that British rule was just and that Indian demands could be fulfilled through constitutional methods. Therefore, they adopted peaceful means such as petitions, speeches, and deputations.
Question 210: Assertion (A): The Indian National Congress was established in 1885. Reason (R): The Congress was founded on the initiative of A.O. Hume.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885, and A.O. Hume played a key role in taking the initiative for its foundation. Since the Reason directly explains how the Congress came into existence, it is the correct explanation of the Assertion.