Practice 130+ Maratha Empire MCQs for UPSC Prelims with detailed answers and explanations. Covers Shivaji, Peshwas, Panipat War, Anglo-Maratha Wars and Maratha Administration.
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130+ Maratha Empire MCQ for UPSC Prelims | History Objective Questions
Description
Practice 130+ Maratha Empire MCQs for UPSC Prelims with detailed answers and explanations. Covers Shivaji, Peshwas, Panipat War, Anglo-Maratha Wars and Maratha Administration.
Difficulty
Hard
Num Questions
130
Points Per Question
1
Time Limit
100 minutes
All MCQ Questions with Answers and Explanations
Question 1: With reference to the historical significance of the Maratha Empire, which of the following conclusions is the most appropriate?
Correct Answer:
B
— Maratha power played a transitional role between the Mughal Empire and British expansion
Explanation:
The Maratha Empire played a central role in the political history of 18th-century India. It emerged as a transitional power between the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of British influence. The Marathas significantly shaped administration, military organization, and the balance of power in India.
Question 2: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) After the Third Battle of Panipat, the Maratha policy in North India completely ended. (2) Mahadji Scindia later re-established Maratha influence in North India.
Correct Answer:
A
— 2 only
Explanation:
The Marathas suffered severe losses after Panipat, but their North Indian policy did not end completely. Mahadji Scindia later restored Maratha influence in Delhi and North India.
Question 3: Which of the following best describes the political structure of the Maratha Empire in the 18th century?
Correct Answer:
C
— A confederacy combining central leadership with considerable regional autonomy
Explanation:
Maratha power combined the authority of the Peshwa/Chhatrapati with the substantial autonomy of major chiefs. This flexible political arrangement aided expansion but also contributed to internal fragmentation.
Question 4: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The decline of the Mughal administrative framework created opportunities for the rise of Maratha power. (2) The Marathas also adopted certain elements of Mughal administrative practices.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Maratha expansion was closely linked with the weakness of the Mughal Empire. At the same time, the Marathas adopted and adapted several Mughal practices in administration, military organization, and revenue systems.
Question 5: Which historiographical approach generally interprets Maratha power in terms of both regional assertion and state formation?
Correct Answer:
D
— Contemporary multidimensional historiography
Explanation:
Contemporary multidimensional historiography interprets Maratha power through multiple perspectives such as regional assertion, political legitimacy, military organization, and state formation. Earlier colonial and nationalist interpretations often focused on narrower themes.
Question 6: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The disintegration of the Maratha Confederacy accelerated due to the British policy of Subsidiary Alliances. (2) All Maratha chiefs adopted a united policy against the British.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The British policy of Subsidiary Alliances weakened the independence of Indian states and increased divisions within the Maratha Confederacy. On the other hand, different Maratha houses followed different policies, and some even entered into alliances with the British.
Question 7: In the context of the Maratha Empire, the “right of Chauth collection” is best understood as which of the following?
Correct Answer:
D
— A political dominance and protection-based revenue system
Explanation:
Chauth was not merely a tax; it also symbolized political dominance and a protection system. The regions from which Chauth was collected implicitly acknowledged Maratha influence and military protection.
Question 8: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji’s naval policy was linked with balancing foreign powers on the western coast. (2) The Maratha navy was developed solely for commercial purposes.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Shivaji developed a navy keeping in mind the challenge posed by the Portuguese, Siddis, and other foreign powers on the western coast. Its objective was also strategic security, not merely commercial expansion.
Question 9: Which of the following statements most clearly highlights the structural limitation of the Maratha military system?
Correct Answer:
C
— The Maratha military organization often depended on the loyalty of individual chiefs
Explanation:
The central standing army in the Maratha military system was relatively weak, and many military contingents were under the control of individual chiefs. This affected coordinated military response during times of crisis.
Question 10: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The rise of the Maratha Empire influenced the formation of the “post-Mughal political order” in India. (2) The Marathas established influence only in regions under direct administrative control.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Maratha power deeply influenced the political structure of post-Mughal India. In many regions, they established influence through dominance, revenue collection, and political intervention rather than direct administration. Therefore, the second statement is incorrect.
Question 11: With reference to the Maratha Empire, which of the following conclusions is the most balanced?
Correct Answer:
D
— The Marathas represented a significant political force in the transition from Mughal decline to British expansion
Explanation:
Modern historiography neither regards the Marathas merely as a plundering force nor as a complete symbol of modern nationalism. They were a complex political-military power that played an important role during the transition from Mughal decline to British expansion in India.
Question 12: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The British exploited rivalries among the Maratha houses. (2) The Subsidiary Alliance system weakened the military independence of the Marathas.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The British successfully exploited rivalries among different Maratha chiefs to expand their political influence. Through the Subsidiary Alliance system, the military and diplomatic autonomy of Indian powers weakened. The Treaty of Bassein (1802) is an important example of this process.
Question 13: The structure of the Maratha Confederacy is best understood as which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— A decentralized political confederacy with regional chiefs under nominal central authority
Explanation:
The Maratha Confederacy combined the nominal supremacy of the Peshwa with significant regional autonomy enjoyed by powerful chiefs such as the Scindias, Holkars, Bhonsles, and Gaekwads. This decentralized structure strengthened expansion but later contributed to fragmentation.
Question 14: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Maratha expansion accelerated the provincial disintegration of the Mughal Empire. (2) The Marathas never used Mughal legitimacy for their political interests.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The expansion of Maratha power further accelerated the disintegration of the Mughal Empire. On the other hand, the Marathas often used the legitimacy of the Mughal Emperor to legitimize their dominance, especially in the politics of Delhi.
Question 15: Which of the following interpretations has often been associated with colonial historiography regarding Maratha power?
Correct Answer:
B
— The Marathas were mainly a military-expansionist and revenue-extracting power
Explanation:
Colonial historians often portrayed Maratha power primarily in terms of military expansion and revenue extraction. Later historians, however, emphasized state formation, administrative institutions, regional politics, and the Marathas’ role in post-Mughal India.
Question 16: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Third Battle of Panipat was a psychological blow to the Maratha Empire. (2) The battle indirectly created favourable conditions for British political expansion in India.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Maratha defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) severely damaged their military prestige and political confidence. Although the Marathas later recovered to some extent, the weakening of major Indian powers contributed to conditions that favoured British political expansion in India.
Question 17: With reference to Maratha administration, which of the following statements is the most accurate?
Correct Answer:
B
— Maratha administration was a blend of local traditions and Mughal influence
Explanation:
Maratha administration reflected a mixed character of local Deccani traditions, Shivaji’s reforms, and Mughal administrative influences. Therefore, it would be incorrect to describe it as either completely original or entirely imitative.
Question 18: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji’s legitimacy was not based solely on military power. (2) His coronation also aimed at establishing Kshatriya legitimacy and sovereignty.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Shivaji’s coronation was not merely a formal ceremony but an attempt to establish political legitimacy. Gaga Bhatt’s declaration of Shivaji as a Kshatriya was linked with socio-political acceptance.
Question 19: Which of the following is considered an important factor that limited the political consolidation of the Maratha Confederacy?
Correct Answer:
B
— Autonomous ambitions of regional chiefs
Explanation:
The Maratha Confederacy remained politically decentralized. Major chiefs such as the Scindias, Holkars, Bhonsles, and Gaekwads often pursued regional ambitions, which weakened long-term political cohesion and centralized authority.
Question 20: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The expansion of the Maratha Empire exhibited characteristics of a “military-fiscal state.” (2) Chauth and Sardeshmukhi enabled the Marathas to extend political influence without establishing direct territorial administration in every region.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Many historians describe the Maratha state as a “military-fiscal state,” in which military expansion and revenue extraction were closely linked. Chauth and Sardeshmukhi enabled the Marathas to establish influence over several regions without necessarily creating a fully developed territorial administration everywhere.
Question 21: Assertion (A): The expansionist policy of the Marathas created the possibility of establishing them as the successors of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): During the 18th century, the Marathas began influencing the politics of the Delhi court and the appointments of Mughal emperors.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. During the 18th century, the Marathas increasingly influenced the politics of the Delhi court and even the appointment of Mughal emperors. This growing political dominance strengthened the possibility of the Marathas emerging as successors to the Mughal Empire. Thus, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 22: Assertion (A): The decisive cause behind the decline of the Maratha Empire was only the military superiority of the British. Reason (R): Mutual conflicts and political disunity among the Maratha chiefs also existed.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because the decline of the Maratha Empire was caused by multiple factors, including internal political rivalries, lack of unity among Maratha chiefs, administrative weaknesses, and British military strength. The Reason is correct.
Question 23: Assertion (A): Shivaji’s military system was mainly based on heavy artillery and a permanent infantry force. Reason (R): The chief basis of Maratha military success was rapid mobility and guerrilla warfare tactics.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because the foundation of Maratha military strength was mobile cavalry forces and guerrilla warfare tactics. The Reason is correct.
Question 24: Assertion (A): In the Maratha Empire, a contradiction existed between central authority and federal tendencies. Reason (R): Under the Peshwa, various Maratha chiefs began adopting almost independent policies in their respective regions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
In the Maratha Confederacy, tension existed between central authority and regional autonomy. Under the Peshwas, powerful Maratha chiefs increasingly followed semi-independent policies in their territories, which strengthened federal tendencies. Thus, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 25: Assertion (A): After the Third Battle of Panipat, the Maratha policy in North India came to a complete end. Reason (R): Mahadji Scindia later re-established Maratha influence in North India.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because even after Panipat, the Marathas re-established their influence in North India. Mahadji Scindia revived Maratha influence in the politics of Delhi. The Reason is correct.
Question 26: Assertion (A): In Maratha administration, traditional rural institutions continued to play a role at the local level. Reason (R): The Maratha administration did not abolish village-level offices such as Patil and Kulkarni.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The Maratha administration retained local institutions and continued the Patil-Kulkarni system. This was the reason behind the continuity of rural administration.
Question 27: Assertion (A): Peshwa Bajirao I made the development of naval power the central policy of Maratha expansion. Reason (R): Kanhoji Angre was a prominent leader associated with Maratha naval power.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because Bajirao I’s primary policy focused on land-based military expansion rather than the central development of naval power. The Reason is correct because Kanhoji Angre was a major leader of the Maratha navy.
Question 28: Assertion (A): The Maratha Chauth system affected the financial stability of the Mughal Empire. Reason (R): Through the collection of Chauth, the Marathas obtained revenue even without direct administrative control.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The collection of Chauth affected the revenue of Mughal territories and enabled the Marathas to obtain income from external regions. This weakened the Mughal financial structure. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 29: Assertion (A): Shivaji’s system of governance was entirely based on the concept of a theocratic state. Reason (R): Shivaji also appointed Muslim officers and soldiers in the administration.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because Shivaji’s rule was not entirely theocratic; it also reflected a practical administrative approach. The Reason is correct because Shivaji appointed Muslim officers as well.
Question 30: Assertion (A): The structure of the Maratha Confederacy accelerated the process of regionalization in the 18th century. Reason (R): Maratha chiefs enjoyed extensive regional autonomy along with military and revenue powers.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The nature of the Maratha Confederacy was such that various chiefs exercised regional control. This led to the rise of regional powers and increased political regionalization. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 31: Which of the following statements is most appropriate in the context of Maratha history?
Correct Answer:
C
— The rise of Maratha power was connected with the social, geographical, and political conditions of the Deccan
Explanation:
The rise of Maratha power was the combined result of several factors — the geography of the Deccan, the weakness of the Mughal Empire, support from local society, and capable leadership. It would be an incomplete analysis to view it solely as a religious or purely military movement.
Question 32: In the Maratha Empire, the post of ‘Sar-e-Naubat’ was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Military leadership
Explanation:
‘Sar-e-Naubat’ was an important post in the Maratha military organization and was associated with the command and management of the army. This post is considered to have been partly influenced by Mughal military administration.
Question 33: Which of the following Maratha leaders attempted to adopt a policy of ‘collective resistance’ against the British?
Correct Answer:
B
— Nana Phadnavis
Explanation:
Nana Phadnavis followed a balance-of-power policy and attempted to coordinate various Indian powers to limit British expansion. His diplomacy temporarily checked British influence in western India.
Question 34: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The military strength of the Maratha Empire was mainly based on a mobile cavalry force. (2) Dependence on heavy artillery was a traditional feature of the Marathas.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The principal strength of the Marathas was their highly mobile cavalry force. In the early phase, they did not rely heavily on artillery. During the Battle of Panipat, the adoption of heavy artillery strategy adversely affected their mobility.
Question 35: Which of the following statements best reflects a weakness of Maratha administration?
Correct Answer:
C
— Limited development of a permanent bureaucracy
Explanation:
In many areas, Maratha administration depended heavily on personal leadership, and a strong, centralized, and permanent bureaucracy did not develop adequately. As a result, the administration weakened in the absence of strong leadership.
Question 36: The ‘Battle of Udgir’ (1760) was fought between which powers?
Correct Answer:
C
— Marathas and the Nizam
Explanation:
The Battle of Udgir in 1760 was fought between the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Marathas emerged victorious, strengthening their influence in South India. This was an important event immediately before the Battle of Panipat.
Question 37: During the reign of which of the following Maratha rulers did Maratha political influence reach its greatest territorial extent?
Correct Answer:
D
— Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb)
Explanation:
During the reign of Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb), Maratha political influence expanded significantly across the Indian subcontinent. However, the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) during this period dealt a severe setback to Maratha expansion.
Question 38: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji adopted a policy of religious tolerance in his administration. (2) He also granted donations to mosques and Sufi shrines.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Although Shivaji is regarded as a symbol of Hindavi Swarajya, he nevertheless adopted a policy of religious tolerance. Evidence exists that he patronized several mosques and Sufi institutions. He did not support widespread persecution on religious grounds.
Question 39: In Maratha history, what did the term ‘Bargir’ refer to?
Correct Answer:
B
— Cavalry soldier provided with a horse by the state
Explanation:
Bargir soldiers were provided horses and equipment by the state, whereas Silahdars maintained their own resources. This distinction is important for understanding the Maratha military organization.
Question 40: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The Marathas intervened in the politics of Mysore and Karnataka in South India. (2) Relations between the Marathas and Hyder Ali were always friendly.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The Marathas were active in South Indian politics and engaged in both conflicts and alliances with various states, including Mysore. Relations between Hyder Ali and the Marathas were not always friendly; conflicts also occurred on several occasions.
Question 41: ‘Ichalkaranji,’ ‘Baroda,’ and ‘Gwalior’ were associated respectively with which Maratha houses?
Correct Answer:
C
— Ghorpade, Gaikwad, Scindia
Explanation:
Ichalkaranji was associated with the Ghorpade house, Baroda with the Gaikwads, and Gwalior with the Scindias.
Question 42: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The major source of income of the Maratha Empire was land revenue. (2) Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were financial instruments associated with Maratha expansionism.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Apart from land revenue, Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were extremely important sources of Maratha income. These taxes provided the economic foundation for Maratha military campaigns and expansionist policies.
Question 43: Which of the following statements regarding the development of the office of the ‘Peshwa’ in Maratha administration is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— The importance of the Peshwa increased greatly during the reign of Shahu
Explanation:
Initially, the Peshwa was the chief minister of the Chhatrapati, but during the reign of Shahu, the power of the office increased greatly due to Peshwas such as Balaji Vishwanath and Bajirao I. Later, the Peshwas became the real rulers.
Question 44: Which of the following Maratha leaders played an important role in restoring the Mughal Emperor to the throne in Delhi?
Correct Answer:
C
— Mahadji Scindia
Explanation:
Mahadji Scindia restored Shah Alam II to the throne of Delhi and increased Maratha influence over the Mughal court. As a result, Scindia power became highly influential in North India.
Question 45: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Support from local rural society was important in the rise of Maratha power. (2) The Maratha movement was, from the beginning, only a movement of feudal chiefs.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The Maratha movement received widespread support from the rural society of the Deccan, small peasants, and local warrior groups. Therefore, it would not be appropriate to describe it merely as a feudal movement. Shivaji transformed local discontent and regional identity into political power.
Question 46: Which of the following events provided the British with a permanent opportunity for direct intervention in Maratha politics?
Correct Answer:
B
— Treaty of Bassein
Explanation:
The Treaty of Bassein in 1802 made the Peshwa a dependent ally of the British. This gave the British a permanent opportunity to interfere in Maratha politics, leading other Maratha chiefs to oppose the British. It is considered the beginning of the end of Maratha independence.
Question 47: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In Shivaji’s administrative system, there was a clear separation between military and civil administration. (2) Most Maratha officials were appointed on a hereditary basis.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Shivaji attempted to keep military and civil administration separate for administrative efficiency. He emphasized merit-based appointments and tried to limit hereditary control. During the later Peshwa period, however, many posts gradually became hereditary.
Question 48: Which of the following is widely regarded as a major weakness of the Maratha Confederacy?
Correct Answer:
D
— Lack of lasting political unity
Explanation:
One of the major weaknesses of the Maratha Confederacy was the lack of enduring political unity among various Maratha chiefs. Internal rivalries and factionalism created opportunities for British intervention.
Question 49: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The geography of the Deccan played an important role in the rise of Maratha power. (2) The mountainous terrain of the Western Ghats was suitable for guerrilla warfare.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The mountainous geography of the Deccan and the rugged terrain of the Western Ghats were highly suitable for Maratha guerrilla strategy. Shivaji utilized these geographical advantages to challenge powerful enemies.
Question 50: Which of the following statements regarding the ‘Treaty of Bassein’ (1802) is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— It made the Peshwa a dependent ally of the British
Explanation:
The Treaty of Bassein was concluded between Peshwa Bajirao II and the British. Under this treaty, the Peshwa accepted a British subsidiary force, which limited his independence. It is considered a serious blow to Maratha independence.
Question 51: During the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05), which of the following Maratha houses continued resisting the British for the longest period?
Correct Answer:
D
— Holkar
Explanation:
Yashwantrao Holkar continued the struggle against the British for a long period and posed a serious challenge to them. Peshwa Bajirao II had already signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British.
Question 52: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In Maratha administration, the ‘Majumdar’ was an officer related to audit and accounts examination. (2) Intelligence and reporting functions were maintained through officials responsible for recording daily events and political information.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Majumdar was associated with audit and accounts administration. The Marathas also maintained systems of intelligence and political reporting, though terminology often varied and was influenced by earlier administrative traditions.
Question 53: Which of the following Maratha chiefs established the greatest influence in the politics of Rajputana during the 18th century?
Correct Answer:
B
— Scindia
Explanation:
Mahadji Scindia established significant influence in North India, especially in the politics of Rajputana. His influence over the Mughal court was also considerable. The Holkars were more influential in the Malwa region.
Question 54: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji encouraged the compilation of the ‘Rajya Vyavahar Kosha.’ (2) Its objective was to Sanskritize administrative terminology.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The ‘Rajya Vyavahar Kosha’ was an attempt to Sanskritize and Marathi-ize administrative terminology. Shivaji attempted to reduce Persian influence and develop an indigenous administrative identity. This was associated with both cultural nationalism and administrative reform.
Question 55: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Under the Silahdar system in the Maratha army, soldiers maintained their own horses. (2) Bargir soldiers were provided horses by the state.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
In the Maratha military system, Silahdar soldiers maintained horses from their own resources, whereas Bargir soldiers were provided horses and equipment by the state.
Question 56: Which of the following Maratha leaders was known as the ‘Maratha Machiavelli’?
Correct Answer:
C
— Nana Phadnavis
Explanation:
Nana Phadnavis was famous for his diplomatic skill and balancing politics; therefore, he was called the ‘Maratha Machiavelli.’ He attempted to keep the Maratha Confederacy united for a long period.
Question 57: The term ‘Maratha Ditch’ is associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— A trench constructed for the protection of Calcutta
Explanation:
In the 18th century, fearing Maratha invasions, the British constructed a trench around Calcutta known as the ‘Maratha Ditch.’ It reflects Maratha influence in Bengal and British security concerns.
Question 58: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The expansion of the Maratha Empire mainly took place by taking advantage of the decline of the Mughal Empire. (2) The Marathas never established influence in Bengal and Odisha.
Correct Answer:
B
— 1 only
Explanation:
The Marathas expanded into North and Central India by taking advantage of the weakness of the Mughal Empire. Moreover, events such as the ‘Maratha Ditch’ indicate their influence in Bengal. Therefore, the second statement is incorrect.
Question 59: Which of the following statements regarding the ‘Treaty of Salbai’ (1782) is correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— It ended the First Anglo-Maratha War
Explanation:
The Treaty of Salbai in 1782 ended the First Anglo-Maratha War and maintained peace between the British and the Marathas for nearly two decades. It is regarded as a diplomatic success of Mahadji Scindia.
Question 60: What was the immediate cause of the First Anglo-Maratha War between the Marathas and the British?
Correct Answer:
C
— Raghunathrao seeking British support
Explanation:
After the death of Narayanrao, Raghunathrao sought British assistance to obtain the position of Peshwa. This intervention led to the outbreak of the First Anglo-Maratha War.
Question 61: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In the Maratha Empire, the ‘Kamavisdar’ was a local revenue officer. (2) The term ‘Subedar’ was used only in Mughal administration.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The Kamavisdar was an officer associated with revenue collection at the local level. However, the term ‘Subedar’ was not confined only to Mughal administration; it was also used in various Indian states.
Question 62: Which of the following Maratha chiefs organized his army along European lines with the assistance of European (especially French-trained) military officers?
Correct Answer:
B
— Mahadji Scindia
Explanation:
Mahadji Scindia modernized his army with the help of European military officers, especially Benoît de Boigne, a French-trained commander. This significantly improved the infantry and artillery strength of the Scindia forces.
Question 63: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji’s revenue system was influenced by the Todarmal system. (2) During Shivaji’s time, revenue collection was mainly carried out through intermediary zamindars.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Shivaji’s revenue system was based on land measurement and direct assessment, and it is considered to have been influenced by the Todarmal system. He attempted to reduce the role of intermediaries and adopted a policy of establishing direct relations with the peasants.
Question 64: Assertion (A): The Anglo-Maratha Wars paved the way for the expansion of British power in India. Reason (R): After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the office of the Peshwa was abolished.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the office of the Peshwa was abolished, but this was only one of the outcomes; it does not fully explain the expansion of British power in India.
Question 65: Assertion (A): In the Maratha Confederacy, various chiefs enjoyed considerable autonomy. Reason (R): Chiefs like the Scindias, Holkars, and Bhonsles became influential centers of power in their respective regions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
In the Maratha Confederacy, chiefs such as the Scindias, Holkars, and Bhonsles became powerful regional authorities and exercised considerable autonomy. Thus, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 66: Assertion (A): Shivaji based his administrative system on the Persian language. Reason (R): Marathi and Sanskrit were encouraged during Shivaji’s rule.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because Shivaji promoted Marathi and Sanskrit in administration and attempted to reduce Persian influence. The Reason is correct.
Question 67: Assertion (A): After the Third Battle of Panipat, Maratha power suffered a severe setback. Reason (R): Many prominent Maratha chiefs were killed in this battle.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The heavy loss of life and the death of several prominent chiefs in the Third Battle of Panipat weakened Maratha power. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 68: Assertion (A): In Maratha administration, both ‘Chauth’ and ‘Sardeshmukhi’ were important sources of revenue. Reason (R): Sardeshmukhi was collected only from Mughal provinces.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Assertion is correct. Both Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were major sources of Maratha revenue. However, Sardeshmukhi was not limited only to Mughal provinces; it was also collected from regions under Maratha influence.
Question 69: Assertion (A): Bajirao I played an important role in the expansion of the Maratha Empire. Reason (R): Bajirao I supported the idea associated with “Hindu Pad-Padshahi.”
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are broadly correct. Bajirao I played a major role in expanding Maratha influence, and he is associated with the idea of “Hindu Pad-Padshahi.” However, Maratha expansion also depended on military campaigns and political circumstances. Therefore, the Reason does not fully explain the Assertion.
Question 70: Assertion (A): Shivaji completely abolished the Jagirdari system. Reason (R): Shivaji gave priority to direct administrative control for revenue collection.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because Shivaji attempted to limit the Jagirdari system, but he did not abolish it completely. The Reason is correct because he emphasized direct administrative control.
Question 71: Assertion (A): During the time of Balaji Bajirao, Maratha power expanded up to North India. Reason (R): During this period, the Marathas began intervening in the politics of Delhi.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. During the time of Balaji Bajirao, the Marathas expanded their influence into North India and increasingly intervened in the politics of Delhi. However, the Reason is a related historical development and not the complete explanation of Maratha expansion into North India.
Question 72: Assertion (A): The Marathas’ ‘Ganimi Kava’ warfare strategy helped them achieve success against the Mughals. Reason (R): The Maratha army depended on massive elephant corps and heavy artillery.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Assertion is correct. ‘Ganimi Kava’ was a guerrilla warfare strategy that benefited the Marathas. However, the Maratha army mainly relied on swift cavalry forces rather than massive elephant corps and heavy artillery.
Question 73: Assertion (A): In the Maratha Empire, the power of the Peshwas gradually became more influential than that of the Chhatrapati. Reason (R): Shahu had granted extensive administrative powers to the Peshwas.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to the extensive administrative powers granted by Shahu, the authority of the Peshwas increased, and they gradually became the real centers of power. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 74: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) The expansion of Maratha power was mainly based on cavalry forces. (2) The Maratha army was completely unfamiliar with European-style military training.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
The principal basis of Maratha military strength was its swift cavalry force. However, in the later period, leaders such as Mahadji Scindia also modernized the army with the assistance of European trainers. Therefore, the second statement is incorrect.
Question 75: Which of the following Peshwas is most closely associated with the revival of Maratha power after the Third Battle of Panipat?
Correct Answer:
B
— Madhavrao I
Explanation:
After the Maratha defeat at Panipat (1761), Madhavrao I restored administrative stability and revived Maratha military and political strength. Historians often regard his reign as the period of Maratha resurgence.
Question 76: In Maratha history, for what purpose was the ‘Barabhai Council’ formed?
Correct Answer:
D
— To maintain a balance of power after the death of Narayanrao
Explanation:
After the assassination of Peshwa Narayanrao, instability emerged in Maratha politics. In this situation, 12 prominent chiefs, including Nana Phadnavis, formed the ‘Barabhai Council’ to maintain the balance of power.
Question 77: Which of the following was NOT responsible for the Maratha defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat?
Correct Answer:
C
— Superior naval power of the Marathas
Explanation:
Maratha naval power had no direct connection with the Battle of Panipat. The actual causes included weak supply arrangements, lack of local support, and Abdali’s military strategy.
Question 78: Who led the Maratha army in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)?
Correct Answer:
A
— Sadashivrao Bhau
Explanation:
In the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Maratha army was led by Sadashivrao Bhau. In this battle, Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas. This war proved to be a major setback for Maratha expansionism.
Question 79: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) In Maratha administration, the ‘Chitnis’ was an officer related to royal correspondence. (2) ‘Phadnavis’ was a post related to financial affairs.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Chitnis managed royal correspondence and official documents, while the Phadnavis was an officer related to financial affairs. Several such posts developed in Maratha administration and became more influential during the Peshwa period.
Question 80: Which of the following Maratha leaders is most closely associated with the policy of northward expansion against Mughal authority?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bajirao I
Explanation:
Bajirao I pursued an aggressive expansionist policy and significantly expanded Maratha influence in North India. He recognized the declining strength of the Mughal Empire and sought to establish Maratha political dominance beyond the Deccan.
Question 81: What was the most significant political consequence of the ‘Sangola Agreement’ (1750–51)?
Correct Answer:
B
— Decline in the power of the Chhatrapati and rise in the power of the Peshwa
Explanation:
The Sangola Agreement (1750–51) marked an important political shift in the Maratha state. Real authority increasingly came into the hands of the Peshwa, while the Chhatrapati became largely a nominal ruler.
Question 82: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji encouraged the use of Marathi and Sanskrit in his administration. (2) He completely prohibited the Persian language.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Shivaji promoted Marathi and Sanskrit terminology in administration and encouraged efforts such as the ‘Rajya Vyavahar Kosha.’ However, Persian was not completely prohibited because it still held significance in contemporary administrative traditions.
Question 83: Which of the following developments made the Marathas a decisive power in the politics of North India?
Correct Answer:
D
— Increasing intervention in Mughal court politics and succession disputes
Explanation:
During the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, the Marathas increasingly intervened in Mughal court politics and succession disputes. Their growing influence in Delhi politics gradually transformed them into a decisive power in North India.
Question 84: What was the main function of the ‘Amatya’ in Maratha administration?
Correct Answer:
B
— Finance and accounts administration
Explanation:
In the Ashtapradhan Council, the Amatya functioned like a Finance Minister. He was the chief officer responsible for income, expenditure, and accounts administration. Foreign policy was handled by the Sumant.
Question 85: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Bajirao I defeated Nizam-ul-Mulk in the Battle of Palkhed. (2) The Battle of Palkhed is considered an example of the superiority of Maratha cavalry strategy.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Battle of Palkhed in 1728 CE was an excellent example of the strategic brilliance of Bajirao I. Through swift cavalry movements, he surrounded and defeated the Nizam. Historians consider it a classic example of “mobile warfare.”
Question 86: Which of the following Maratha chiefs was associated with the Nagpur State?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bhonsle
Explanation:
The Bhonsle dynasty established its rule in Nagpur. The Scindias were associated with Gwalior, the Holkars with Indore, and the Gaikwads with Baroda.
Question 87: In the context of the Maratha Empire, the term ‘Saranjam’ was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Jagir granted in return for military service
Explanation:
‘Saranjam’ referred to land or a jagir granted in return for military service. In Maratha administration, this arrangement was a means of maintaining military organization. It was somewhat comparable to the Mughal Mansabdari system.
Question 88: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Shivaji introduced a revenue system based on land measurement. (2) He completely abolished the Jagirdari system.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 only
Explanation:
Shivaji introduced a system of revenue assessment based on land measurement, which was an important part of his administrative reforms. However, although he attempted to limit the Jagirdari system, he did not abolish it completely.
Question 89: In Maratha history, the term ‘Bakhar’ is related to which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Historical accounts or chronicles
Explanation:
‘Bakhar’ referred to historical narratives or chronicles written in the Marathi language. These are important sources of Maratha history, although they sometimes contain exaggerations.
Question 90: Which of the following Maratha chiefs played an important role in the early expansion of Maratha influence in Gujarat?
Correct Answer:
A
— Dabhade
Explanation:
The Dabhade family played an important role in the early phase of Maratha expansion in Gujarat and held the office of Senapati. Although the Gaikwads later emerged as the dominant Maratha power in Gujarat, the early expansion is mainly associated with the Dabhades.
Question 91: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Balaji Vishwanath is regarded as the real founder of the Maratha Confederacy. (2) He obtained the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the Mughal Emperor.
Correct Answer:
C
— Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Balaji Vishwanath consolidated Maratha power and brought various Maratha chiefs under a broader political framework; therefore, he is often regarded as the real founder of the Maratha Confederacy. In 1719 CE, he secured from the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the six Mughal subahs of the Deccan, which significantly strengthened Maratha authority.
Question 92: Assertion (A): The Anglo-Maratha Wars paved the way for the expansion of British power in India. Reason (R): After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the office of the Peshwa was abolished.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the office of the Peshwa was abolished, but this was only one of the outcomes; it does not fully explain the expansion of British power in India.
Question 93: Assertion (A): In the Maratha Confederacy, various chiefs enjoyed considerable autonomy. Reason (R): Chiefs like the Scindias, Holkars, and Bhonsles became influential centers of power in their respective regions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
In the Maratha Confederacy, chiefs such as the Scindias, Holkars, and Bhonsles became powerful regional authorities and exercised considerable autonomy. Thus, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 94: Assertion (A): Shivaji based his administrative system on the Persian language. Reason (R): Marathi and Sanskrit were encouraged during Shivaji’s rule.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because Shivaji promoted Marathi and Sanskrit in administration and attempted to reduce Persian influence. The Reason is correct.
Question 95: Assertion (A): After the Third Battle of Panipat, Maratha power suffered a severe setback. Reason (R): Many prominent Maratha chiefs were killed in this battle.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The heavy loss of life and the death of several prominent chiefs in the Third Battle of Panipat weakened Maratha power. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 96: Assertion (A): In Maratha administration, both ‘Chauth’ and ‘Sardeshmukhi’ were important sources of revenue. Reason (R): Sardeshmukhi was collected only from Mughal provinces.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Assertion is correct because both Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were important sources of Maratha revenue. However, the Reason is incorrect. Sardeshmukhi was not collected only from Mughal provinces; it was levied in territories where the Marathas claimed traditional rights and political influence.
Question 97: Assertion (A): Bajirao I played an important role in the expansion of the Maratha Empire. Reason (R): Bajirao I supported the idea associated with “Hindu Pad-Padshahi.”
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are broadly correct. Bajirao I played a major role in expanding Maratha influence, and he is associated with the idea of “Hindu Pad-Padshahi.” However, Maratha expansion also depended on military campaigns and political circumstances. Therefore, the Reason does not fully explain the Assertion.
Question 98: Assertion (A): Shivaji completely abolished the Jagirdari system. Reason (R): Shivaji gave priority to direct administrative control for revenue collection.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because Shivaji attempted to limit the Jagirdari system, but he did not abolish it completely. The Reason is correct because he emphasized direct administrative control.
Question 99: Assertion (A): During the time of Balaji Bajirao, Maratha power expanded up to North India. Reason (R): During this period, the Marathas began intervening in the politics of Delhi.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. During the time of Balaji Bajirao, the Marathas expanded their influence into North India and increasingly intervened in the politics of Delhi. However, the Reason is a related historical development and not the complete explanation of Maratha expansion into North India.
Question 100: Assertion (A): The Marathas’ ‘Ganimi Kava’ warfare strategy helped them achieve success against the Mughals. Reason (R): The Maratha army depended on massive elephant corps and heavy artillery.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Assertion is correct. ‘Ganimi Kava’ was a guerrilla warfare strategy that benefited the Marathas. However, the Maratha army mainly relied on swift cavalry forces rather than massive elephant corps and heavy artillery.
Question 101: Assertion (A): In the Maratha Empire, the power of the Peshwas gradually became more influential than that of the Chhatrapati. Reason (R): Shahu had granted extensive administrative powers to the Peshwas.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to the extensive administrative powers granted by Shahu, the authority of the Peshwas increased, and they gradually became the real centers of power. The Reason directly explains the Assertion.
Question 102: Why is Tarabai important in Maratha history?
Correct Answer:
D
— She continued Maratha resistance against Aurangzeb
Explanation:
After the death of Rajaram, Tarabai led the Maratha resistance and continued the struggle against Aurangzeb. Her leadership abilities prevented the decline of Maratha power.
Question 103: Who constructed the fort of ‘Sindhudurg’?
Correct Answer:
C
— Shivaji Maharaj
Explanation:
Shivaji constructed the Sindhudurg Fort for the protection of the western coast. This fort became an important center of the Maratha navy. Shivaji’s maritime policy reflects his farsightedness.
Question 104: Which of the following Maratha rulers remained imprisoned by Aurangzeb?
Correct Answer:
B
— Shahu
Explanation:
Shahu was the son of Sambhaji and the grandson of Shivaji Maharaj. He was captured by the Mughals and remained imprisoned during Aurangzeb’s reign. After Aurangzeb’s death, he was released, which led to a succession struggle between Tarabai and Shahu in the Maratha Empire.
Question 105: Why did Shivaji place special emphasis on the development of his navy?
Correct Answer:
C
— To protect coastal regions and counter foreign powers
Explanation:
Shivaji strengthened the navy to protect the western coast and to deal with the challenge posed by European powers, especially the Portuguese and the Siddis. Forts such as Sindhudurg were constructed for this purpose.
Question 106: Which of the following posts in the Ashtapradhan Council was related to foreign affairs?
Correct Answer:
A
— Sumant
Explanation:
In the Ashtapradhan Council, the ‘Sumant’ was in charge of foreign affairs and diplomacy. The Amatya handled finance, the Panditrao managed religious matters, and the Senapati was the commander of the army.
Question 107: Bajirao I was the Peshwa of which Maratha ruler?
Correct Answer:
D
— Shahu
Explanation:
Bajirao I was the Peshwa of Shahu and greatly expanded Maratha power. He is famous for his swift military strategies and for increasing Maratha influence in North India. Titles such as “a warrior born on horseback” are associated with him.
Question 108: Which fort is considered the first fort captured by Shivaji?
Correct Answer:
A
— Torna
Explanation:
Torna Fort is considered the first important fort captured by Shivaji. After conquering it, he began the expansion of Maratha power. Later, it was renamed ‘Prachandagad.’
Question 109: ‘Sardeshmukhi’ was related to which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— Additional 10% revenue tax
Explanation:
Sardeshmukhi was an additional 10% tax collected by the Marathas, which they claimed as their traditional right. Along with Chauth, it was a major source of Maratha revenue.
Question 110: What was meant by ‘Chauth’ in the Maratha Empire?
Correct Answer:
B
— A 25% levy collected from territories under Maratha influence or protection
Explanation:
‘Chauth’ was a 25% levy collected by the Marathas from territories under their influence or from regions where they claimed the right to protection. In return, the Marathas often promised not to raid those territories. It was an important component of the Maratha revenue system.
Question 111: Which of the following Maratha leaders is most closely associated with the expansionist policy linked to the idea of ‘Hindu Pad-Padshahi’?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bajirao I
Explanation:
Bajirao I pursued an expansionist policy and significantly extended Maratha influence into North India. His political vision is often associated with the idea of “Hindu Pad-Padshahi,” which symbolized Maratha political supremacy against declining Mughal authority.
Question 112: The famous meeting between Afzal Khan and Shivaji took place near which fort?
Correct Answer:
B
— Pratapgad
Explanation:
In 1659 CE, the historic meeting between Shivaji and Afzal Khan, the general of Bijapur, took place near Pratapgad Fort. During this event, Shivaji strategically killed Afzal Khan, which increased the influence of Maratha power.
Question 113: What was the primary function of the office of the ‘Peshwa’ in the Maratha Empire?
Correct Answer:
D
— Acting as the Prime Minister
Explanation:
The Peshwa held a position equivalent to that of a Prime Minister in Maratha administration. Initially, this office functioned under the Chhatrapati, but later the Peshwas took real power into their own hands. Balaji Vishwanath and Bajirao I greatly enhanced the authority of this office. Option B may appear partially correct, but the primary role was administrative leadership.
Question 114: What was the chief feature of Shivaji’s military system?
Correct Answer:
D
— Guerrilla warfare tactics
Explanation:
Shivaji effectively used the policy of ‘Ganimi Kava,’ meaning guerrilla warfare. Mountainous geography and swift attack-and-retreat tactics were the key features of his military strategy. This policy became the main reason for the early success of the Marathas.
Question 115: The Treaty of Purandar (1665 CE) between Shivaji and the Mughals was negotiated under whose leadership?
Correct Answer:
A
— Jai Singh I
Explanation:
The Treaty of Purandar (1665 CE) was concluded between Shivaji and the Mughal Empire under the leadership of Raja Jai Singh I of Amber, who led the Mughal campaign in the Deccan. Under this treaty, Shivaji surrendered several forts to the Mughals. This event marked an important turning point in Mughal–Maratha relations.
Question 116: Which Maratha ruler assumed the title ‘Chhatrapati’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Shivaji Maharaj
Explanation:
Shivaji assumed the title ‘Chhatrapati’ after his coronation, which means sovereign ruler. This title became a symbol of Maratha political legitimacy. Nana Phadnavis was an influential minister, while Balaji Vishwanath and Balaji Bajirao were Peshwas, not Chhatrapatis.
Question 117: Which of the following forts was the capital of Shivaji Maharaj?
Correct Answer:
C
— Raigad
Explanation:
Raigad was Shivaji’s capital, and his coronation also took place there. This fort was strategically very important. Pratapgad is famous for the Afzal Khan episode, while Sinhagad is associated with the battle of Tanaji Malusare.
Question 118: What was Shivaji’s administrative council called?
Correct Answer:
C
— Ashtapradhan
Explanation:
Shivaji established a council called the ‘Ashtapradhan’ for conducting administrative affairs. It consisted of eight important ministers, such as the Peshwa, Amatya, and Sumant. This arrangement aimed to make administration systematic and accountable.
Question 119: In which year was Shivaji Maharaj crowned?
Correct Answer:
A
— 1674 CE
Explanation:
Shivaji was crowned in 1674 CE at Raigad Fort. The purpose of this ceremony was to establish him as a legitimate and sovereign Hindu ruler. This event is considered the formal rise of the Maratha state. 1680 was the year of Shivaji’s death, while 1665 is associated with the Treaty of Purandar.
Question 120: Who was the founder of the Maratha Empire?
Correct Answer:
B
— Shivaji Maharaj
Explanation:
Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundation of Maratha power in the 17th century and established an independent Hindavi Swarajya. He organized the Maratha Empire through struggles against the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.
Question 121: Assertion (A): Shahu significantly contributed to the consolidation of Maratha power. Reason (R): Shivaji is regarded as the founder of the Maratha Empire.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. Shahu played an important role in consolidating Maratha power, especially through the rise of the Peshwas. Shivaji is regarded as the founder of the Maratha Empire, but this fact does not explain Shahu’s contribution.
Question 122: Assertion (A): In Maratha administration, ‘Sardeshmukhi’ was a type of tax. Reason (R): Sardeshmukhi was generally levied at 10 percent over and above Chauth.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. Sardeshmukhi was a tax generally levied at 10 percent over and above Chauth. However, the Reason does not explain the Assertion; it merely provides additional information.
Question 123: Assertion (A): Raigad served as the principal capital of Shivaji. Reason (R): Shivaji shifted his capital from Rajgad to Raigad for strategic reasons.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Raigad served as Shivaji’s principal capital. Shivaji shifted his capital from Rajgad to Raigad for administrative and strategic reasons. Thus, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 124: Assertion (A): The Marathas were defeated in the Third Battle of Panipat. Reason (R): This battle was fought between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali, but this fact does not explain the reason for the Maratha defeat.
Question 125: Assertion (A): The Peshwas played an important role in the expansion of the Maratha Empire. Reason (R): Balaji Vishwanath was the last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.
Correct Answer:
C
— A is correct, but R is incorrect
Explanation:
The Assertion is correct because the Peshwas played a major role in expanding Maratha influence. However, Balaji Vishwanath was among the early influential Peshwas, not the last. Therefore, the Reason is incorrect.
Question 126: Assertion (A): Shivaji gave importance to naval power. Reason (R): Security against the activities of foreign powers on the western coast was necessary.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Shivaji emphasized naval strength to safeguard the Konkan coast against the Portuguese, Siddis of Janjira, and other maritime threats. Hence, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 127: Assertion (A): The Peshwa was the religious head in the Maratha Empire. Reason (R): The Peshwa was the chief executive/administrative head of the Maratha state.
Correct Answer:
D
— A is incorrect, but R is correct
Explanation:
The Assertion is incorrect because the Peshwa was not the religious head, but the chief executive/administrative head of the Maratha state. Hence, the Reason is correct.
Question 128: Assertion (A): In the Maratha Empire, ‘Chauth’ was a type of tax. Reason (R): The rate of Chauth was 25 percent of the assessed land revenue.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. Chauth was a tax collected by the Marathas, and its rate was generally 25 percent of the assessed land revenue. However, the Reason does not explain the Assertion; it merely provides additional information.
Question 129: Assertion (A): Shivaji received the title “Chhatrapati” at the time of his coronation. Reason (R): Shivaji’s coronation took place at Raigad.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Both statements are correct. Shivaji’s coronation took place at Raigad, but this fact does not explain why he received the title “Chhatrapati.” It is only a related historical fact.
Question 130: Assertion (A): Shivaji established the ‘Ashtapradhan Council’. Reason (R): The Ashtapradhan Council was created to make Maratha administration more organized and efficient.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Shivaji established the Ashtapradhan Council as a council of eight ministers to assist in governance and administrative management. Thus, the Reason correctly explains the purpose behind the Assertion.