Practice Sangam Period MCQs for UPSC with answers and explanations. Cover literature, society, economy, and trade for exam preparation.
This quiz contains 120 carefully selected multiple-choice questions (MCQ) with detailed explanations for each answer. Questions cover important topics from History.
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Sangam Period MCQs for UPSC | 100+ Questions & Answers
Description
Practice Sangam Period MCQs for UPSC with answers and explanations. Cover literature, society, economy, and trade for exam preparation.
Difficulty
Hard
Num Questions
120
Points Per Question
1
Time Limit
120 minutes
All MCQ Questions with Answers and Explanations
Question 1: Which of the following correctly describes the economic-social structure of the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
C
— Mixed structure
Explanation:
Sangam society had elements of both equality and inequality; hence, it is best described as a mixed structure. Therefore, option C is correct.
Question 2: Assertion (A): Sea routes were relatively safer in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Knowledge of monsoon winds existed.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation
Explanation:
Knowledge of monsoon winds facilitated navigation, but it does not necessarily mean sea routes were “safer” overall. Thus, both statements are correct, but R does not fully justify A.
Question 3: In Sangam society, ‘Kadaisiyar’ were associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Lower working class
Explanation:
‘Kadaisiyar’ belonged to the lower working class.
Question 4: Which of the following is an example of water management in the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
A
— Canals and tanks
Explanation:
Canals and tanks were used for water management, whereas other options are incorrect. Therefore, option A is correct.
Question 5: Assertion (A): Foreign trade promoted cultural exchange in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Foreign goods and ideas came into the region.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Foreign trade brought goods and ideas, promoting cultural exchange. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 6: In the Sangam period, ‘Uzhavar’ were associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Farmers
Explanation:
‘Uzhavar’ means farmers.
Question 7: Which of the following is a feature of Sangam agriculture?
Correct Answer:
B
— Use of irrigation
Explanation:
Irrigation methods were used in the Sangam period; it was not limited to only rain-fed or shifting cultivation. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 8: Assertion (A): There are indications of social inequality in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Different social classes are mentioned.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The presence of different social classes indicates inequality. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 9: Why were ‘salt traders’ important in the Sangam economy?
Correct Answer:
B
— Salt was an essential commodity
Explanation:
Salt was an essential commodity in daily life; therefore, salt traders held an important position.
Question 10: Which of the following is a Sangam cultural element?
Correct Answer:
B
— Hero worship
Explanation:
Hero worship was a prominent cultural element of the Sangam period, whereas other traditions belong to later periods. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 11: Assertion (A): Booty (plunder) was a source of state income in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Warfare and raids were common.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Wealth obtained from war and plunder was a source of state income. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 12: In Sangam society, ‘Paraiyar’ were associated with which group?
Correct Answer:
B
— Lower class
Explanation:
Paraiyar belonged to the lower social strata.
Question 13: Which of the following is the correct pair of a Sangam deity and region?
Correct Answer:
A
— Murugan – Kurinji
Explanation:
Murugan is associated with Kurinji (mountain region), Indra with Marutam (agricultural land), and Varuna with Neital (coastal region).
Question 14: Assertion (A): Internal trade was also developed in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Goods were exchanged between different tinai regions.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The exchange of goods between different tinai regions indicates the development of internal trade. Therefore, both statements are correct.
Question 15: In Sangam society, ‘Panar’ were associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Singers/poets
Explanation:
‘Panar’ were associated with singers and poets, playing a cultural role in society.
Question 16: Which of the following is a Sangam military feature?
Correct Answer:
B
— Use of horses
Explanation:
Horses were used in the Sangam period, whereas other options are incorrect or exaggerated. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 17: Assertion (A): Sangam literature is an important historical source. Reason (R): There is a lack of epigraphic sources.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Sangam literature is an important source, but it is not solely because of the lack of inscriptions. Both literary and archaeological sources exist; hence R does not fully explain A.
Question 18: Consider the following statements regarding the Sangam political structure: (1) The king was the supreme authority. (2) The power of local chieftains was limited. (3) Prestige increased through war and conquest. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 3
Explanation:
The king was supreme and prestige increased through warfare, whereas Velir chieftains held significant power. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 19: Which of the following is an example of a Sangam economic feature?
Correct Answer:
B
— Self-sufficient village economy
Explanation:
A village-based economy was important in the Sangam period, with a degree of self-sufficiency. Trade was also developed, so the economy was not solely based on imports or hunting. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 20: Assertion (A): Religious tolerance existed in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Evidence of different sects is found.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The coexistence of different religious traditions indicates tolerance. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 21: The ‘Kudavolai’ system was related to what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Electoral system
Explanation:
The ‘Kudavolai’ system was a method of election used in local self-government, particularly during the Chola period. It is not a feature of the Sangam period, so the question should be understood in a broader South Indian context.
Question 22: Which of the following is not a theme of Sangam literature?
Correct Answer:
C
— Bhakti movement
Explanation:
The Bhakti movement belongs to a later period, whereas other themes are prominent in Sangam literature. Therefore, option C is correct.
Question 23: Assertion (A): Iron technology was used in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Iron tools were used in agriculture and warfare.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Iron tools were used in both agriculture and warfare, indicating the use of iron technology. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 24: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam society: (1) The influence of Brahmins was limited. (2) There was a complete absence of Vedic sacrifices. (3) Local traditions were more influential. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 3
Explanation:
The influence of Brahmins was limited and local traditions were more dominant. However, Vedic sacrifices were not completely absent, only limited in influence. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.
Question 25: Which of the following is the correct pair of a Sangam port and its feature?
Correct Answer:
B
— Muziris – Roman trade
Explanation:
Muziris was a major center of trade with the Roman Empire. Korkai was famous for pearls, and Puhar was a center of general maritime trade.
Question 26: Assertion (A): The taxation system was developed in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Revenue was collected from both trade and agriculture.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Taxes were collected from both agriculture and trade, indicating a developed taxation system. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 27: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam geography: (1) The ‘Kaveri’ region was associated with Marutam tinai. (2) The ‘Western Ghats’ region was associated with Kurinji. (3) ‘Palai’ was a permanent desert region. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
The Kaveri region was associated with fertile agricultural land (Marutam), and the Western Ghats with mountainous regions (Kurinji). Palai represents a temporary dry condition, not a permanent desert.
Question 28: Which of the following is the correct pair of a Sangam administrative term and its meaning?
Correct Answer:
B
— Arasar – King
Explanation:
‘Arasar’ means king. Velir were local chieftains, Vanigar were traders, and Amatyar were ministers.
Question 29: Assertion (A): ‘Tirukkural’ is associated with the Sangam tradition. Reason (R): It provides didactic teachings on dharma, artha, and kama.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
‘Tirukkural’ is an important ethical text of the post-Sangam tradition, containing teachings on dharma, artha, and kama. Therefore, both statements are correct.
Question 30: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam literature: (1) ‘Pathinenkilkanakku’ is part of post-Sangam literature. (2) It includes moral and didactic texts. (3) It is entirely based on heroic tales. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
‘Pathinenkilkanakku’ belongs to the post-Sangam period and consists of moral and didactic literature. It is not based entirely on heroic tales; therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.
Question 31: Which of the following Sangam social groups can be considered similar to ‘Antyaja’?
Correct Answer:
C
— Paraiyar
Explanation:
Paraiyar belonged to the lower social strata and are often compared to marginalized groups like ‘Antyaja’, whereas other groups held higher social status.
Question 32: What is the significance of the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ in the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Description of trade
Explanation:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is a Greco-Roman text that provides detailed information about maritime trade routes, ports, and commercial activities related to the Sangam period.
Question 33: Assertion (A): Horses were imported during the Sangam period. Reason (R): There was a scarcity of horses in South India.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to the local scarcity of horses, they were imported. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 34: Assertion (A): There are indications of increasing economic inequality in the Sangam period due to international trade. Reason (R): The profits generated from trade were not equally distributed among different sections of society.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
While there are indications of inequality, direct evidence linking it specifically to unequal distribution of trade profits is limited. Thus, both statements are broadly correct, but R is not a precise explanation of A.
Question 35: Assertion (A): There is evidence of women’s participation in economic activities during the Sangam period. Reason (R): They were engaged in trade, agriculture, and other economic activities.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Sangam literature provides sufficient evidence of women’s participation in economic activities such as trade and agriculture. The Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
Question 36: Which of the following Sangam rulers was known as the ‘protector of merchants’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Karikala
Explanation:
Karikala Chola is often associated with promoting trade and protecting merchants, especially through the development of port cities like Puhar. Udayanjeral is not specifically known for this title.
Question 37: Which of the following is not a cultural element of the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
C
— Complete absence of idol worship
Explanation:
Nature worship and other religious forms existed in the Sangam period; hence there was no complete absence of idol worship. Other elements are correct, so option C is correct.
Question 38: Assertion (A): Maritime trade was under state control in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Taxes were collected at ports.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct but R is not the explanation
Explanation:
While taxes were collected at ports, suggesting regulation, there is no strong evidence of complete state control over maritime trade. Trade was regulated but not fully controlled by the state. Therefore, both statements are correct, but R does not fully explain A.
Question 39: In the Sangam period, ‘Vanigar’ is associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Traders
Explanation:
Vanigar refers to traders, whereas other options are incorrect. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 40: Assertion (A): There was agricultural diversity in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Different tinai were associated with different crops.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Different tinai (ecological zones) were associated with distinct crops and economic activities, reflecting agricultural diversity.
Question 41: Which of the following correctly depicts life in the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
C
— Mixed lifestyle
Explanation:
Evidence suggests both rural and urban life in the Sangam period; hence a mixed lifestyle is correct. Therefore, option C is correct.
Question 42: In Sangam literature, the concept of a ‘generous king’ is associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Social prestige
Explanation:
Generosity enhanced the social prestige of kings, whereas other options are not directly related. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 43: Which of the following is an example of a Sangam administrative unit?
Correct Answer:
A
— Village
Explanation:
The village was an administrative unit in the Sangam period, though the power structure was also tribal/local. Janapada and Mahajanapada are concepts of North India. Therefore, option A is correct.
Question 44: In the Sangam period, ‘Megalithic culture’ is associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Burial practices
Explanation:
Megalithic culture is associated with burial practices, whereas other options are not related. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 45: Which of the following is a cultural feature of the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Tradition of valor and generosity
Explanation:
Valor and generosity were prominent cultural traits of the Sangam period, whereas other options are limited or incorrect. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 46: Assertion (A): Urbanization was limited in the Sangam period. Reason (R): The economy was mainly rural.
Correct Answer:
B
— Both A and R are correct but R is not the explanation
Explanation:
While the economy was primarily rural, there is clear evidence of developed urban centers such as port towns (e.g., Puhar, Muziris). Therefore, urbanization was present and not strictly “limited” in a simplistic sense. Both statements are correct, but R does not fully explain A.
Question 47: What does ‘Arasar’ refer to in Sangam society?
Correct Answer:
B
— Ruling class
Explanation:
Arasar refers to rulers or kings, whereas other options are not related. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 48: Which of the following is evidence of Sangam trade?
Correct Answer:
B
— Roman coins
Explanation:
Roman coins are important evidence of foreign trade during the Sangam period, whereas other options are not relevant in this context. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 49: Assertion (A): Literature developed under royal patronage in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Kings rewarded poets.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Literature flourished due to royal patronage and rewards given to poets. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 50: Which of the following statements about the ‘barter system’ in the Sangam economy is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Both barter and coinage were in use
Explanation:
Both barter and coinage were used in the Sangam period, whereas other options are incomplete or incorrect. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 51: Which of the following is an example of a Sangam political feature?
Correct Answer:
C
— Multi-centered power structure
Explanation:
Due to the presence of multiple chieftains and rulers, a multi-centered power structure existed in the Sangam period. Therefore, option C is correct.
Question 52: In Sangam literature, the concept of ‘Tinai’ is related to what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Geographical and emotional classification
Explanation:
Tinai represents the classification of geographical regions and associated emotions, whereas other options are not related. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 53: Which of the following is a correct example of a Sangam religious practice?
Correct Answer:
B
— Nadukal worship was prevalent
Explanation:
Nadukal (hero stone) worship was an important feature of Sangam religious practices, reflecting ancestor and hero worship traditions. Other options are either too rigid or not fully applicable.
Question 54: Assertion (A): Port towns were economic centers in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Maritime trade was highly developed.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to the development of maritime trade, port towns became economic centers. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 55: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam trade: (1) Roman gold came to India. (2) Spices and textiles were exported from India. (3) Trade was conducted only through land routes. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Roman gold came to India and spices and textiles were exported, whereas trade was conducted through both land and sea routes. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 56: Which of the following statements about ‘Puram’ poetry is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— It describes valor and warfare
Explanation:
Puram poetry describes valor, warfare, and public life, whereas other options relate to Akam or other themes. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 57: Assertion (A): A ‘gift-based economy’ had significance in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Poets and scholars were given patronage by kings.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The tradition of kings giving gifts to poets reflects a gift-based economy. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 58: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam society: (1) The caste system was rigid. (2) Occupational mobility was possible. (3) Social mobility existed. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 2 and 3
Explanation:
The caste system was not rigid in Sangam society, and occupational as well as social mobility existed. Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 59: Which of the following is the correct pair of Sangam economic activity and region?
Correct Answer:
B
— Mullai – Pastoralism
Explanation:
Mullai is associated with pastoralism, whereas Kurinji – hunting, Mullai – pastoralism, Neital – fishing, and Marutam – agriculture. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 60: Assertion (A): The state structure in the Sangam period was not fully centralized. Reason (R): Local chieftains (Velir) played an important role.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Due to the powerful role of Velir chieftains, the administration was not fully centralized. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 61: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam literature: (1) Ettuthokai is mainly a collection of short poems. (2) Pattuppattu includes long poems. (3) Both are religious texts. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Ettuthokai is a collection of short poems and Pattuppattu consists of long poems, whereas they are based on secular themes rather than religious ones. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.
Question 62: Assertion (A): There was religious pluralism in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Different religious traditions coexisted.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The coexistence of different religious traditions led to religious pluralism. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 63: Which of the following is a type of Sangam literary form?
Correct Answer:
C
— Anthology of poems
Explanation:
Sangam literature mainly consists of poetic anthologies, whereas novels and other forms belong to later periods. Therefore, option C is correct.
Question 64: Assertion (A): There was social mobility in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Occupation was not dependent on birth.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Since occupation was not strictly based on birth, social mobility was relatively high. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 65: Which of the following statements about the Sangam economy is incorrect?
Correct Answer:
C
— Only barter system existed
Explanation:
Coins were used during the Sangam period; therefore, it was not limited to barter. Other statements are correct, so option C is correct.
Question 66: In the Sangam period, ‘Aruval’ is associated with what?
Correct Answer:
A
— Agricultural tool
Explanation:
Aruval is primarily a sickle-like agricultural tool, though it could also be used as a weapon. In the Sangam context, it is more appropriately identified as an agricultural implement.
Question 67: Assertion (A): Foreign trade brought prosperity in the Sangam period. Reason (R): There was contact with the Roman Empire.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Contact with Rome increased foreign trade and brought prosperity. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 68: Which of the following statements about Sangam religion is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Nature worship was predominant
Explanation:
Nature worship and local deities were important during the Sangam period, and it was not limited to only Vedic or Buddhist traditions. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 69: Which Sangam ruler is known for the ‘northern expedition’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Senguttuvan
Explanation:
Senguttuvan, a Chera ruler, is known for his expedition to North India, whereas other rulers are known for different achievements. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 70: Assertion (A): There are signs of urbanization in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Trade centers and ports were developed.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Urbanization occurred due to the development of trade centers and ports. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 71: In Sangam literature, ‘Yavana lamps’ are associated with what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Foreign goods
Explanation:
‘Yavana lamps’ symbolize foreign (Roman) goods, whereas other options are not related. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 72: Which of the following ‘Tinai’ is associated with separation in love?
Correct Answer:
B
— Palai
Explanation:
Palai Tinai is associated with separation, hardship, and long journeys, while other Tinai represent different emotional and geographical settings.
Question 73: Consider the following statements regarding Tolkappiyam: (1) It is an ancient Tamil grammatical text. (2) It also describes social life. (3) It is related to Buddhism. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Tolkappiyam describes social life along with grammar, but it is not a Buddhist text. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 74: Assertion (A): Land revenue was an important source of income in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Agriculture was the main base of the economy.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Since agriculture was the primary economic activity, land revenue naturally became a major source of income.
Question 75: In the context of ‘Ur’ and ‘Sabha’ during the Sangam period, which statement is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— These were local administrative institutions
Explanation:
‘Ur’ referred to the general assembly of a village, while ‘Sabha’ was a more organized assembly (often of Brahmins in later periods). Both functioned as local administrative bodies, though the term ‘Sabha’ is more prominently associated with later Chola administration.
Question 76: Which of the following Sangam texts is associated with ‘Pattini worship’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Silappadikaram
Explanation:
Silappadikaram mentions Pattini (Kannagi) worship, whereas the other texts are not related to this subject. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 77: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
C
— Foreign trade was developed
Explanation:
Foreign trade, especially with Rome, was developed during the Sangam period, while agriculture coexisted with trade and coins were used. Therefore, option C is correct.
Question 78: Assertion (A): Urban life was developed in the Sangam period. Reason (R): Trade and ports were developed.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Urban life developed due to the growth of trade and ports. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 79: Which of the following statements regarding marriage in Sangam society is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Love marriages were also prevalent
Explanation:
Sangam literature mentions love marriages, whereas the other options are incorrect. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 80: Which of the following texts reflects Buddhist influence?
Correct Answer:
B
— Manimekalai
Explanation:
Buddhist influence is clearly reflected in Manimekalai, whereas the other texts are primarily secular or literary. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 81: What was the main reason for ‘Yavana’ trade during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Demand for spices
Explanation:
Roman (Yavana) trade was mainly driven by the demand for spices, whereas other reasons were not primary. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 82: What was the main export in Sangam trade?
Correct Answer:
A
— Spices
Explanation:
Spices (especially pepper) were major exports during the Sangam period. Other exports included pearls, ivory, and textiles, while horses were imported.
Question 83: Assertion (A): Roman trade was significant during the Sangam period. Reason (R): Roman coins have been found in South India.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
The discovery of Roman coins provides evidence of Roman trade during the Sangam period. Therefore, both statements are correct and R explains A.
Question 84: Which of the following texts is related to Jainism?
Correct Answer:
A
— Silappadikaram
Explanation:
Silappadikaram is associated with Jainism (its author Ilango Adigal is believed to have been a Jain monk), whereas Manimekalai is a Buddhist text. Therefore, option A is correct.
Question 85: Consider the following statements regarding the Sangam economy: (1) Agriculture was the main base. (2) Maritime trade was developed. (3) Coins were not used. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Both agriculture and maritime trade were developed during the Sangam period, and evidence of Roman coins exists. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 86: Which of the following ports was a major center of Roman trade during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Muziris
Explanation:
Muziris was a major port for Roman trade during the Sangam period.
Question 87: Assertion (A): The status of women was relatively good in the Sangam period. Reason (R): They participated in education and literature.
Correct Answer:
A
— Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Sangam literature provides evidence of women participating in education, poetry, and public life, indicating their relatively better status.
Question 88: In the Sangam period, the term ‘Yavana’ was used for whom?
Correct Answer:
B
— Greek-Roman traders
Explanation:
In Sangam literature, the term ‘Yavana’ was used for Greek-Roman traders, whereas the other options are not historically correct in the Sangam context. Therefore, option B is correct.
Question 89: Consider the following statements regarding the Chola ruler Karikala: (1) He built a dam on the Kaveri River. (2) He was a ruler of the Pandya dynasty. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1
Explanation:
Karikala was a Chola ruler who built a dam on the Kaveri, whereas he did not belong to the Pandya dynasty. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 90: Consider the following statements regarding Sangam literature: (1) Ettuthokai and Pattuppattu are its major compilations. (2) Tolkappiyam is only a grammatical text and does not describe society. (3) Silappadikaram is an epic. Which of the above is/are correct?
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 3
Explanation:
Ettuthokai and Pattuppattu are the main compilations of Sangam literature, and Silappadikaram is an epic, whereas Tolkappiyam describes society along with grammar. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 91: Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Both urban and rural life existed
Explanation:
Evidence suggests the existence of both rural and urban life during the Sangam period, whereas other statements are incorrect; hence option B is correct.
Question 92: During the Sangam period, ‘salt trade’ is associated with which Tinai?
Correct Answer:
B
— Neital
Explanation:
Neital is associated with coastal regions where salt production and trade took place, whereas other Tinai are not related; hence option B is correct.
Question 93: Which of the following Tinai is associated with the emotion of ‘waiting’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Mullai
Explanation:
Mullai Tinai is associated with patience and waiting, whereas other Tinai represent different emotions; hence option A is correct.
Question 94: During the Sangam period, ‘Uraiyur’ was the capital of which dynasty?
Correct Answer:
A
— Chola
Explanation:
Uraiyur was the capital of the Chola dynasty, whereas other dynasties had different capitals; hence option A is correct.
Question 95: What was the symbol of the Pandya dynasty during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
C
— Fish
Explanation:
The Pandya dynasty used the fish as its symbol, whereas the Cholas used the tiger and the Cheras the bow; hence option C is correct.
Question 96: Which of the following Sangam sites was famous for pearls?
Correct Answer:
B
— Korkai
Explanation:
Korkai was famous for pearls, whereas the other places were associated with different activities; hence option B is correct.
Question 97: What is the meaning of the term ‘Pattinam’ during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Town/port town
Explanation:
‘Pattinam’ means a town or port town, whereas the other options do not represent its correct meaning; hence option B is correct.
Question 98: Which of the following Sangam occupations is associated with ‘Marutam’ Tinai?
Correct Answer:
B
— Farmer
Explanation:
Marutam represents agricultural land; hence farmers are associated with it, while other occupations belong to different Tinai; therefore option B is correct.
Question 99: During the Sangam period, ‘Neital’ Tinai is associated with which activity?
Correct Answer:
B
— Fishing
Explanation:
Neital is associated with coastal regions and fishing, whereas other activities correspond to different Tinai; hence option B is correct.
Question 100: In Sangam society, what does ‘Kudimakan’ mean?
Correct Answer:
B
— Independent farmer
Explanation:
‘Kudimakan’ denotes an independent farmer, whereas it does not relate to the other categories; hence option B is correct.
Question 101: During the Sangam period, ‘Madurai’ was the capital of which dynasty?
Correct Answer:
C
— Pandya
Explanation:
Madurai was the capital of the Pandya dynasty, whereas the Cholas and Cheras had different capitals; hence option C is correct.
Question 102: Which of the following was an imported commodity during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Gold
Explanation:
Gold was imported through Roman trade, whereas spices, pearls, ivory, textiles, etc., were exported.
Question 103: In Sangam society, ‘Parattai’ was associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Dancer/courtesan class
Explanation:
Parattai referred to the dancer or courtesan class, whereas it was not related to the other groups; hence option B is correct.
Question 104: Consider the following statements regarding ‘Akam’ and ‘Puram’ in Sangam literature: (1) Akam relates to private life and love. (2) Puram relates to war and public life. (3) Both are related only to religious themes.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only 1 and 2
Explanation:
Akam deals with private and love-related themes, while Puram deals with war and public life. They are not limited to religious themes; hence statement 3 is incorrect and option A is correct.
Question 105: During the Sangam period, what was the use of hero stones (‘Nadukal’)?
Correct Answer:
B
— In memory of warriors killed in battle
Explanation:
Nadukal were erected in memory of fallen warriors and later became objects of veneration.
Question 106: Which Tinai is associated with pastoralism during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
A
— Mullai
Explanation:
Mullai Tinai is associated with pastoralism and forest regions, whereas the others are linked with different economic activities; hence option A is correct.
Question 107: Which of the following was the symbol of the Chola dynasty?
Correct Answer:
B
— Tiger
Explanation:
The Chola dynasty used the tiger as its symbol, whereas the Pandyas used the fish and the Cheras the bow; hence option B is correct.
Question 108: During the Sangam period, ‘Korkai’ was famous for what?
Correct Answer:
B
— Pearl fishing
Explanation:
Korkai was famous for pearl fishing, whereas other activities were associated with different places; hence option B is correct.
Question 109: ‘Palai’ Tinai represents which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— Arid region
Explanation:
Palai represents arid or desert regions, whereas the others correspond to different geographical zones; hence option C is correct.
Question 110: Which of the following is not a Sangam period port?
Correct Answer:
C
— Lothal
Explanation:
Lothal was a port of the Indus Valley Civilization, whereas the others are Sangam period ports; hence option C is correct.
Question 111: ‘Kurinji’ Tinai is associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
C
— Mountainous region
Explanation:
Kurinji represents the mountainous region.
Question 112: Which of the following statements about Sangam society is correct?
Correct Answer:
B
— Occupations were not strictly based on birth
Explanation:
The varna system existed in Sangam society but was not as rigid as in North India, and occupations were not strictly birth-based.
Question 113: During the Sangam period, which dynasty had the symbol ‘bow’?
Correct Answer:
B
— Chera
Explanation:
The Chera dynasty had the bow as its symbol, whereas the Cholas had the tiger and the Pandyas the fish; hence option B is correct.
Question 114: Who were the ‘Velir’ during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
B
— Local chieftains
Explanation:
Velir were local chiefs or chieftains, whereas the other options do not match their role; hence option B is correct.
Question 115: Which of the following Tinai is associated with coastal regions?
Correct Answer:
B
— Neital
Explanation:
Neital represents coastal regions, whereas Mullai denotes forests, Kurinji mountains, and Palai arid regions.
Question 116: What is the literal meaning of ‘Pattuppattu’?
Correct Answer:
A
— Ten songs
Explanation:
Pattuppattu means ‘Ten Songs’, whereas Ettuthokai means ‘Eight Anthologies’.
Question 117: Which of the following deities was prominent during the Sangam period?
Correct Answer:
C
— Murugan
Explanation:
Murugan was a prominent local Tamil deity during the Sangam period; references to Vedic deities like Indra and Varuna are also found.
Question 118: ‘Nadukal’ is associated with which of the following?
Correct Answer:
B
— Hero stone memorials
Explanation:
Nadukal (hero stones) were memorial stones erected in honor of warriors who died in battle and were often worshipped.
Question 119: Which of the following Tinai is associated with agricultural land?
Correct Answer:
C
— Marutam
Explanation:
Marutam Tinai is related to agricultural land, whereas Kurinji represents mountainous regions, Mullai forests, and Neital coastal areas.
Question 120: Which of the following is not a part of Sangam literature?
Correct Answer:
C
— Divya Prabandham
Explanation:
Divya Prabandham is a text of the Bhakti period, whereas Manimekalai, Pattuppattu, and Ettuthokai belong to Sangam literature.